Welcome to Adv. Human Anatomy & Physiology

Welcome to Adv. Human Anatomy & Physiology BI 334 - Fall 2012

Course Introduction

What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy: Study of body structure and the physical relationships between body parts

Microscopic Anatomy

Gross Anatomy

(requires magnification)

(visible to naked eye)

Cytology: Study of cells

Regional Anatomy: Study of structures in particular region

Surface Anatomy: Study of structures related to skin

Histology: Systemic Anatomy: Study of organ systems

Study of tissues

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Course Introduction

What is Anatomy and Physiology? Physiology: Study of how living organisms perform vital functions

Physiology rests on principles of physics

Cell physiology Chemical factors Review: Chapter 2 (Marieb / Hoehn)

Organ physiology

Physical factors System physiology

Course Introduction

Why Study Anatomy and Physiology Together?

The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates function…)

Heart Anatomy: One-way valves Heart Physiology: One-way blood flow

Principle of complementary of structure and function

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Course Introduction

Review: Chapter 3 (Marieb / Hoehn)

1) Cellular level (~ 100 trillion)

Structural Organization:

• Basic structural / functional unit • Molecular interactions

2) Tissue level • Similar cells  specific function • • • •

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.1

Course Introduction

Structural Organization: Primary Tissue Types: Extracellular matrix:

Tissue:

Cells:

Epithelial

Aggregated polyhedral cells

Miniscule

Line surface / body cavities; Produce glandular secretions

Connective

Variable fixed / wandering cells

Abundant

Provide support and protection

Muscle

Elongated contractile cells

Moderate

Allow for movement

Nervous

Intertwining elongated processes

None

Transmit electrical impulses

Function:

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Course Introduction

1) Cellular level (~ 100 trillion)

Structural Organization:

• Basic structural / functional unit • Molecular interactions

2) Tissue level • Similar cells  specific function • • • •

5) Organism level • Organ systems = life

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

3) Organ level •  2 tissues  specific function

4) Organ system level •  2 organs  specific function Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.1

Course Introduction

Organ Systems: Protection:

Integumentary System

Movement / Support:

Immune System

Skeletal System

Fluid / Solute transportation:

Nutrient acquisition:

Digestive System

Muscular System

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.3

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Course Introduction

Organ Systems: Waste removal:

Urinary System

Communication:

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Endocrine System

Reproduction:

• Obvious sex differences • Not absolutely necessary

Female reproductive system

Male reproductive system

Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.3

Course Introduction

Example:

ATP production

Reminder: Organ systems work cooperatively to promote the well-being of the entire body Food

O2

CO2

Respiratory system: Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide CO2 O2

Digestive system: Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter

Cardiovascular system: Distributes oxygen and nutrients to all cells; delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

Nutrients

Urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

Feces Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.2

Urine

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Course Introduction

Regulatory Systems:

For life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be maintained regardless of external conditions The principle function of regulatory systems is to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment Claude Bernard

Walter Cannon

(1813 – 1878)

(1871 – 1945)

• Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium) • Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state)

Pathophysiology: The study of homeostatic imbalance (i.e., disease) (moderate imbalance = illness; extreme imbalance = death)

Course Introduction

Example: Temperature regulation

Regulatory Systems:

Homeostatic conditions are maintained via feedback systems autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation

Body temp = 96.5º Input

Information

Control center

(Hypothalamus)

(set point)

(98.6º)

(-) Receptor

Output

Feedback

(transducer)

Effector

(Muscles)

(body heats up) (change in system)

Negative Feedback: Drives system toward set point (promotes stability)

Effect (Shivering)

Most common type of feedback system found in the human body

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Course Introduction

Example: Delivery of fetus

Regulatory Systems:

Homeostatic conditions are maintained via feedback systems autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation

Cervix stretches Input

Information

Control center

(Hypothalamus)

(set point)

(no stretch)

(+) Receptor

Output

Feedback

(transducer)

Effector

(Uterus)

(cervix stretches) (change in system)

Effect

Positive Feedback: Drives system away from set point

(Uterus contracts)

Rare type of feedback system found in the human body

(promotes instability)

Course Introduction

Pathophysiology: The initiation of abnormal positive feedback systems often associated with disease / trauma

(set point = 120 / 80 mm Hg)

Input  BP

Example: Blood loss due to trauma

Vasomotor center

Feedback

(-) (+)

Baroreceptor (e.g., aortic arch) decrease (increase in blood pressure)

Output Heart Blood Vessels Not enough blood

Effect  Heart rate; Vasoconstriction

Heart weakens (no nutrients…)

Guyton & Hall (Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed.) – Figure 1.3

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