What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special

What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special: A View from Coffee Research Taye Kufa (PhD) Senior Coffee Researcher- Agronomist EIAR, Jimma Agricultural Research Center E-mail: [email protected]

15th African Fine Coffee Conference & Exhibition Reshaping the African Coffee Industry for Productivity & Investment February 15-17/2017, Millennium Hall, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Presentation Outline 1. INTRODUCTION

2. WHY ETHIOPIAN COFFEES UNIQUE? 3. CHALLENGES 4. COFFEE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA 5. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS

7. FUTURE PROSPECTS

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 1

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1.

INTRODUCTION

ETHIOPIAN COFFEE •

Primary center of origin & genetic diversity for Coffea arabica

•

Unique coffee production systems

•

Livelihood for about 20-25 million people

•

A total of 4.7 million small-holders & their families

•

Total area = 561,761.82 ha & Annual total production = 419,980 tons

•

Average national productivity = 748 kg/ha green coffee yield.

•

Share of total traded coffees (sundried 69.6 % & washed 30.4%)

•

Average export value accounted for 29% total export & 37% agricultural commodity – past ten-years (2006-2015).

•

High domestic consumption (55-56%)

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

Sources: MoT & CSA (2015) 2

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Top ten coffee producing countries 2010-2014 (ICO 2015) Country

Species

Total production (000 bags)

% share of world total

Brazil

A/R

47380

33.55

Vietnam

A/R

25300

17.89

Colombia

A

10145

7.16

Indonesia

R/A

10096

7.11

Ethiopia

A

6737

4.79

Honduras

A

5148

3.65

India

R/A

5044

3.57

Peru

A

4223

3.00

Mexico

A

4141

2.94

Uganda

R/A

3516

2.49

A = Arabica, R = Robusta

Ethiopia = First in Africa & 2nd Arabica coffee producer in the world. . EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 3

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Coffee Production & Productivity (2011 - 2015)

Increase b/n 2011& 2015

 Area = 14 %  Production = 13%  Productivity = 2 % Hence, expand at new potential & major coffee areas Source: CSA 2015 EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 4

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Estimated yield gaps b/n coffee system & national average (748 kg/ha) Coffee yield (kg/ha)

% increase

% yield gap from national average

Forest

250

-

-199

Semi-forest

450

44

-66

Garden /cottage

750

40

0.3

Plantation/commercial

900

17

17

Research (On-farm)

1550

42

52

Research (On-station)

2150

28

65

Coffee System

The forest coffee system (35-45%)

 Has multiple benefits (socio-cultural, environmental aspects)  But, NOT economical = low coffee yield, inefficient incentive mechanisms /no unique marketing system- certification standard.

.

EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 5

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Trends of arrival coffee to the Central Market (2007-2015)

 Average annual growth rates - washed (3.53%) & sundried (1.12%)  Coffee processing: Based on AEZ & production system  Changing consumers-demand & prices- profitability. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 6

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Shares of coffee export in Ethiopia for 10-years (2006-2015)

 Coffee export value accounted for 44-45% share to the total exports, but declined to 23-26% in recent time

 Trade diversifications – Agricultural, Industrial & Mining Products and price volatility in world coffee markets- still a leading export crop. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 7

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Coffee trends in Ethiopia (1990-2014)- ICO 2014 8000

Total production

Total export

Domestc consumption

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Production, export & local consumption (thousand 60 kg bags) Oscillating total export – world coffee supply & prices Increasing domestic use – Population growth, economic development, traditional coffee ceremony (Jebena coffee) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 8

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2. `What Make Ethiopian Coffees Unique?  

 

 

       

High coffee genetic diversity for desirable traits Wide suitable environments – varying ranges Possibility to promote single origin specialty coffees Farmers’ traditional knowledge & experience Small-holders crop (> 90%) – organic farming Shade-grown coffee landscapes Natural coffee forests- UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Known coffee brands & quality – for global supply Support from GOE – GTP & beyond targets Coffee and Tea D & M Authority Modern coffee marketing system (ECX) Annual Coffee Day Celebration/platform Importance of coffee- it is life! Increasing domestic consumption , among others. EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 9

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2. `UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES…. Huge Coffee Genetic Resources

 Arabica alone = 10,573 and 89.85% of the Arabica gene pools is found in Ethiopia (Balechew & Labouisse, 2006).  Surendra (2008) reported about 99.8% Arabica germplasm in Ethiopia Conservation (Ex-situ & in-situ)

A total of 11,691 Arabica coffee germplasm in Ethiopia (Taye 2010). To date, a total of 12,654 Arabica coffee germplasm collected and ex-situ conserved in field gene banks in Ethiopia.

Coffee Natural Forests of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves  The Yayu Coffee Forest  The Kafa Coffee Forest  The Sheka Forest.

 More potential coffee gene pools (forest & garden systems ) remain unaddressed.


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2. `UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES….. Peculiar quality/typicity for major coffee areas: • Limmu = Winy • Wellega = Fruity • Harar = Mocha • Sidama = Spicy • Yirgacheffe = Floral • Other areas = cup profiles ? Environments, Genetics, GxE, Processing  Friable texture (sandy = poor quality, higher clay & silt = good quality )

 Higher P, K, pH, Mg, Mn & Zn = more aroma  Moisture gradients  Elevation & shade conditions 

Agro-ecology & science based quality management and use – Local landrace research strategy EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 11

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3. CHALLENGES •

Population growth, deforestation & land degradation

•

Increasing cost of inputs & volatile world coffee prices

•

Limited incentives to traditional & shade-coffee landscapes

 Shift to other crops (farmers) & business (youth)

 Climate change and variability (biotic & abiotic stresses) •

Weak or lack of linkages among coffee stakeholders & partners

•

Capacity limitations (Research, extension & other actors)

•

Loss of coffee genetic resources- risk to global coffee sector


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4

COFFEE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA

Started in 1967 (50-years) FAO, World Bank, EU

Ten Coffee Research Centres     

Main center- Jimma Sub-centers Trial stations Adaptive sites/demos Mainly EU-CIP support.

Vision: Becoming centre of excellence for arabica coffee research & training in Africa.


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COFFEE RESEARCH….

Coffee research centers in the major coffee growing areas Center Jimma Gera Agaro Metu Haru Mugi Tepi Mechara Awada Wenago

Establishment year (GC) 1967 1974 1973 1974 1998 1973 1976 2005 1997 1974

Elevation (m.a.s.l) 1753 1900 1630 1550 1750 1553 1200 1800 1740 1850

Mandate Areas Jimma/Limu Jimma/Gera highland Limu/Jimma Illu Ababora West Wellega Kelem Wollega Tepi/Bebeka West Hararghe Sidama Yirgacheffe

Major Contributions    

Safeguard coffee genetic resources due to CBD 1971 Conserving coffee genetic resources for research works Nationally coordinating coffee research to generate & promote coffee technologies, information & knowledge Increasing coffee production, productivity & export earning. EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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KEY RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

•

6,923 original collections, 5853 alive (85%) at research field gene banks

•

40 coffee varieties developed & released (34 pure lines + 6 hybrids)

•

83 promising genotypes (63 pure lines & 20 hybrids ) identified

•

Improved agronomic practices (seed, nursery & field management)

•

Coffee processing & quality research findings

•

Produce and supply quality coffee seeds & seedlings

•

Vegetative propagation for hybrid coffee varieties – cuttings & TC

•

Coffee diversification crops: technologies, information & knowledge

 National Coffee R & D Workshop (Girma et al., 2018).


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ACHIEVEMENTS... Variety Devt

Released coffee varieties (n = 40)

12 Number

10 8

Variety Pure line

Coffee yield (kg/ha)

Hybrid On-station On-farm

6 4

Pure lines

1750

1150

Hybrids

2500

1950

2 0

Release Year

Coffee variety :  Criteria: High yielding, resistance to disease, quality standard/flavor  13 CBD selections, 6 for lowlands (Tepi/Bebeka), 5 for highlands, 4 for Wellega, 4 for Sidama/Yirgacheffe, and 4 for Harar areas)  Hybrids = 40-70% increase on research plots (on-station & on-farm) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 16

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5 ACHIEVEMENTS…. Yield levels of coffee varieties at suitable areas Agro-ecology Highland

Number varieties 7

of

Clean coffee yield (kg/ha) Research plot On-farm 1930

1340

Midland

9

1934

1349

Mid to highland

13

1753

853

Lowland

5

1878

1098

Low to midland

3

1820

1400

Low to highland

3

1725

850

 Elevation: Lowland = 1000-1550, Midland = 1550-1750 & Highland = 1750-2100 masl.  Coffee technology = specific to ago-ecological zone for single origin coffees


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ACHIEVEMENTS….

Mean coffee yield (kg/ha) & quality flavor of some coffee varieties released in 2010 Specialty Area

Research

On-farm

Haru-1

1570

900

Challa

1560

840

Sende

1610

920

Menesibu

1640

960

SIDAMA/YIRGACHEFFE Odicha

2020

1020

Fayate

1950

960

Koti Harusa Mocha Mechara-1 Bultum

2110 1600 1350 1190 1700

990 870 720 820 930

WELLEGA

HARAR

Variety

Quality flavor

Spicy/Fruity

Spicy/Floral

Mocha


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ACHIEVEMENTS....

Agronomic /management practices:           

Seed preparation and nursery operations Modern and forest coffee management, Prominent coffee shade trees (temporary & permanent) Canopy classes & stem nature of coffee materials Spacing & population density Old coffee rejuvination options Soil moisture conservation Soil fertlity and plant nutrient Coffee by-product management (vetivar, EM) Coffee-centered integrated watershed management. Cropping patterns /intercropping,etc.

Coffee Pests: • Control of coffee weeds, insects and diseases (CBD, CDW, CLR) Coffee Quality Research : • Harvesting and processing methods , quality profile. • Tissue culture & molecular characteriszation .


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Coffee yield (kg/ha) under different shade trees at JARC

2000

Yield advantage (%) = 168-300

1801 1800

1530

1600

1520

1485

1467

Yield (kg/ha)

1400 1204 1200 1000 800

600

450

400 200 0

Milletia

Acacia

Albizia

Erythrina

Calpurina

Cordia

open sun

Shade tree species

 Coffee shade tree species /management = Agro-ecology specific 

Promote ecological sustainability & biodiversity = Organic coffee farming


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ACHIEVEMENTS…. Quality-Oriented Research-EIAR

 Accreditation to laboratories  Quality criteria revised & used –agronomic & variety  Q-cupper panelists –support from SCAA  World class coffee quality research lab & trained staff  Mainly from EU-CIP supports


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5 ACHIEVEMENTS... Sourcing quality coffee seeds

To date, Jimma Research Center supplied :-



Pure lines = 260,600 kg coffee seeds & 10 million seedlings



Hybrids = 153,600 & 1,200 seedlings using cutting & TC method, respectively



A total of 1235 (1227 farmers + 5 private + 3 others) were participated as source of coffee seeds at each specialty area (Limmu/Gera, Wellega/Gimbi, Sidama/Yirgacheffe, Harar)


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ACHIEVEMENTS...

Established coffee seed orchards & FREG Coffee area

Research Adaptive center site

Total Orchard

FREG

Limmu /Gera

3

7

10

6

Wellega/Gimbi Harar Sidama/Y.Chefe

2 1 2

4 1 2

6 2 4

5 5 2

Total

8

14

22

18

 18 FREG established as coffee seed sources at each area

 Demonstration of coffee agro-practices (120 farmers- pilot sites) 

Still wide gap b/n annual demand & supply of coffee seeds



Attention to support the coffee seed system in the country. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 23

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6.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

• Scaling-up of suitable coffee technologies to narrow coffee yield gaps between the national average & research plots- production & productivity • Agro-ecology & production system tailored technology generation and transfer – mainstreaming diversification and/or intensification

• Sound incentive for traditional & shade-grown coffee systems for sustainable conservation of coffee gene pools and its environments • Promoting the Ethiopian Specialty Coffees for the benefits of all- Local community & Farmers FIRST! • Strong linkgages between R & D actors in coffee value-chain at national & internation levels, • In sum, advacing coffee science & technology for generating solutions to strategic issues facing the coffee sector in Ethiopia & in Africa as a whole. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 24

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7. o

FUTURE PROSPECTS

Implementation of the Coffee Commodity Research Strategy (EIAR, 2017)



Develop coffee varieties with package technologies for each origin

o

Developing coffee wilt disease resistant varieties

o Regular survey on coffee pests (weeds, diseases, insects) & management options o Protocol optimization for TC & mass multiplication of hybrid coffee varieties o Molecular characterization for desirable traits (disease, drought, caffeine, etc) o

Coffee shade trees, coffee-agro-forestry, intercropping- diversifications

o

Coffee pruning & training, ecophysiology, resource use-efficiencies

o Mitigation and adaptation to climate change & variability o Integrated soil fertility & nutrient management (soil acidity, plant nutrients) o Pre-scaling up of improved technologies (eg., variety, management, processing) o GIS and agro-meteorology for suitability mapping & modelling o Coffee processing & quality profile mapping – for certification & traceability o

Coffee market research & value-chain studies, among others. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 25

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Acknowledgements: The AFCA conference organizers for the invitation.

Thank You !
