WIND ENERGY GENERATION WWILEY

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1.4. Grid Code Regulations for the Integration of Wind Generation. References. 2. Power Electronics for Wind Turbines. 2.1. Soft-starter for FSIG Wind Turbines.
WIND ENERGY GENERATION Modelling and Control Olimpo Anaya Lara, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Nick Jenkins, Cardiff University, UK Janaka Ekanayake, Cardiff University, UK Phill Cartwright, Rolls-Royce plc, UK Mike Hughes, Consultant and Imperial College London, UK -

WWILEY

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publicat on

Contents About the Authors

xi

Preface Acronyms and Symbols

xv

1 1.1 1.2

1 2 3 3 7 10 11 13 14 17

Electricity Generation from Wind Energy Wind Farms Wind Energy-generating Systems 1.2.1 1.2.2

1.3

Wind Turbines Wind Turbine Architectures

Wind Generators Compared with Conventional Power Plant 1.3.1 1.3.2

Local Impacts System-wide Impacts

1.4

Grid Code Regulations for the Integration of Wind Generation References

2 2.1 2.2

Power Electronics for Wind Turbines Soft-starter for FSIG Wind Turbines Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8

2.3

The Two-level VSC Square-wave Operation Carrier-based PWM (CB-PWM) Switching Frequency Optimal PWM (SFO-PWM) Regular and Non-regular Sampled PWM (RS-PWM and NRS-PWM) Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEM) Voltage Space Vector Switching (SV-PWM) Hysteresis Switching

Application of VSCs for Variable-speed Systems 2.3.1

VSC with a Diode Bridge

19 21 21 21 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 33 34

Contents

vi

2.3.2

Back-to-Back VSCs

References 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Modelling of Synchronous Generators Synchronous Generator Construction The Air-gap Magnetic Field of the Synchronous Generator Coil Representation of the Synchronous Generator Generator Equations in the dq Frame 3.4.1

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Generator Electromagnetic Torque

Steady-state Operation Synchronous Generator with Damper Windings Non-reduced Order Model Reduced-order Model Control of Large Synchronous Generators 3.9.1 3.9.2

Excitation Control Prime Mover Control

References 4 4.1

Fixed-speed Induction Generator (FSIG)-based Wind Turbines Induction Machine Construction 4.1.1 4.1.2

4.2

Steady-state Characteristics 4.2.1

4.3

5.1

FSIG Model as a Voltage Behind a Transient Reactance

39 39 39 42 44 47 47 49 51 52 53 53 55 56 57 57 58 58 58 61 61 62 63 64 64

References

65 70 70 73 76

Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Turbines Typical DFIG Configuration

77 77

Dynamic Performance of FSIG Wind Turbines 4.5.1 4.5.2

5

Two-speed Operation Variable-slip Operation Reactive Power Compensation Equipment

Induction Machine Modelling 4.4.1

4.5

Variations in Generator Terminal Voltage

FSIG Configurations for Wind Generation 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3

4.4

Squirrel-cage Rotor Wound Rotor

34 36

Small Disturbances Performance During Network Faults

vii

Contents

5.2 5.3 5.4

Steady-state Characteristics

77

5.2.1 5.2.2

80 81 83 84 84 89 90 91 94 96

Control for Optimum Wind Power Extraction Control Strategies for a DFIG 5.4.1 5.4.2

5.5

Active Power Relationships in the Steady State Vector Diagram of Operating Conditions

Current-mode Control (PVdq) Rotor Flux Magnitude and Angle Control

Dynamic Performance Assessment 5.5.1 5.5.2

Small Disturbances Performance During Network Faults

References 6 6.1

6.2

7 7.1 7.2

7.3 7.4

8

8.1 8.2

99 100 100

Fully Rated Converter based (FRC) Wind Turbines FRC Synchronous Generator-based (FRC-SG) Wind Turbine Direct-driven Wind Turbine Generators 6.1.1 Permanent Magnets Versus Electrically Excited 6.1.2 Synchronous Generators Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 6.1.3 Wind Turbine Control and Dynamic Performance 6.1.4 Assessment FRC Induction Generator-based (FRC-IG) Wind Turbine Steady-state Performance 6.2.1 Control of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine 6.2.2 Performance Characteristics of the FRC-IG Wind 6.2.3 Turbine References

119 119

Influence of Rotor Dynamics on Wind Turbine Operation Blade Bending Dynamics Derivation of Three-mass Model Example: 300 kW FSIG Wind Turbine 7.2.1 Effective Two-mass Model Assessment of FSIG and DFIG Wind Turbine Performance Acknowledgement References

121 122 123 124 126 128 132 132

Influence of Wind Farms on Network Dynamic Performance Dynamic Stability and its Assessment Dynamic Characteristics of Synchronous Generation

135 135 136

-

101 101 103 113 113 114

Contents

viii

A Synchronizing Power and Damping Power Model of a Synchronous Generator Influence of Automatic Voltage Regulator on Damping 8.4 Influence on Damping of Generator Operating Conditions 8.5 Influence of Turbine Governor on Generator Operation 8.6 Transient Stability 8.7 8.8 Voltage Stability 8.9 Generic Test Network 8.10 Influence of Generation Type on Network Dynamic Stability 8.3

Generator 2 — Synchronous Generator 8.10.1 8.10.2 Generator 2 — FSIG-based Wind Farm 8.10.3 Generator 2 — DFIG-based Wind Farm (PVdq Control) 8.10.4 Generator 2 — DFIG-based Wind Farm (FMAC Control) 8.10.5 Generator 2 — FRC-based Wind Farm

8.11 Dynamic Interaction of Wind Farms with the Network 8.11.1 FSIG Influence on Network Damping 8.11.2 DFIG Influence on Network Damping

8.12 Influence of Wind Generation on Network Transient Performance Generator 2 — Synchronous Generator 8.12.1 8.12.2 Generator 2 — FSIG Wind Farm 8.12.3 Generator 2 — DFIG Wind Farm 8.12.4 Generator 2 — FRC Wind Farm

References

9 9.1

Power Systems Stabilizers and Network Damping Capability of Wind Farms A Power System Stabilizer for a Synchronous Generator 9.1.1 9.1.2

9.2

A Power System Stabilizer for a DFIG 9.2.1 9.2.2

9.3

Requirements and Function Synchronous Generator PSS and its Performance Contributions Requirements and Function DFIG-PSS and its Performance Contributions

A Power System Stabilizer for an FRC Wind Farm 9.3.1

Requirements and Functions

137 139 141 143 145 147 149 150 151 152 152 152 152 153 153 158 161 161 162 163 165 165

167 167 167 169 172 172 178 182 182

Contents

ix 9.3.2

FRC—PSS and its Performance Contributions

References

The Integration of Wind Farms into the Power System 10 10.1 Reactive Power Compensation Static Var Compensator (SVC) 10.1.1 10.1.2 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) 10.1.3 STATCOM and FSIG Stability

10.2 HVAC Connections 10.3 HVDC Connections 10.3.1 LCC—HVDC 10.3.2 USC—HVDC 10.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 10.3.4 HVDC Transmission — Opportunities and Challenges

10.4 Example of the Design of a Submarine Network 10.4.1 Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Onshore Grid Connection Points 10.4.2 Technical Analysis 10.4.3 Cost Analysis 10.4.4 10.4.5 Recommended Point of Connection

Acknowledgement References

Wind Turbine Control for System Contingencies 11 11.1 Contribution of Wind Generation to Frequency Regulation Frequency Control 11.1.1 Wind Turbine Inertia 11.1.2 Fast Primary Response 11.1.3 11.1.4 Slow Primary Response

11.2 Fault Ride-through (FRT) FSIGs 11.2.1 11.2.2 DFIGs 11.2.3 FRCs VSC—HVDC with FSIG Wind Farm 11.2.4 11.2.5 FRC Wind Turbines Connected Via a VSC—HVDC

References

Appendix A: State-Space Concepts and Models

186 191

193 193 194 195 197 198 198 200 201 203 204 207 207 208 210 212 213 214 214

217 217 217 218 219 222 228 228 229 231 233 234 237 241

x

C ontents

Appendix B: Introduction to Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

249

Appendix C: Linearization of State Equations

255

Appendix D: Generic Network Model Parameters

259

Index

265