Wireless Edge Network for Sustainable Rural ...

Wireless Edge Network for Sustainable Rural Community Networks Adisorn Lertsinsrubtavee intERLab Asian Institute of Technology

Nunthaphat Weshsuwannarugs

intERLab Asian Institute of Technology

Attaphongse Taparugssanagorn

ICT Department Asian Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT We have introduced a cost-sharing model for remote communities to share their limited access to the commercial Internet among community members using wireless mesh networks in the north-west of Thailand to expand the edge network coverage and to reduce the Internet cost for the rural users. However, there are places within these communities which have not been able to access our network due to the line-ofsight and the distance from the rest of the communities. In this paper, we describe our attempt or work-in-progress to address these challenges by experimenting various access technologies such as TVWS and small cell LTE as well as improving the user experience with CDN.

1

INTRODUCTION

TakNet [8] is one of the successful CWMN (Community Wireless Mesh Network) projects in terms of its impacts and improvements to people’s lives in the north west of Thailand. The key success of TakNet can be summarised as 1) the system and technology is simple enough for local technicians to maintain: 2) the monthly cost is affordable for the low income users. The current technology of TakNet is based solely on CWMN with mobile routers running OLSR routing protocol [7] creating a wireless mesh network across the village and share the Internet access with one or two fiber or Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. ANRW ’18, July 16, 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5585-8/18/07. . . $15.00 https://doi.org/10.1145/3232755.3232782

Nisarat Tansakul

intERLab Asian Institute of Technology

Kanchana Kanchanasut intERLab Asian Institute of Technology

ADSL gateways. This has introduced significant limitations due to the nature of the WiFi radio transmission, especially in the non-line-of-sight (nlos) area or nodes that are out of range of other nodes and the hidden terminal problem leaving a number of inaccessible households on our map. In this paper, we describe our work-in-progress to connect these isolated households, which is mandatory for the sustainability of TakNet, using a combination of technologies: TVWS, small cell LTE and CDN.

2

TAKNET WITH TVWS

Before embarking on TVWS, we deployed spectrum measurements in many locations of Tak province to identify the available channels that can be used for our TVWS trial. We use the low-cost and hand-held spectrum analyser, called RF Explorer [3], installed on the raspberry Pi with timestamps and GPS locations. The spectrum usage analysis over UHF channels (channel 26 - 60) at Thai Samakhee village (lat, long GPS location: 16.794, 98.597) was conducted from the measurements collected over two hours from 13:00 - 15:00 which includes 1109 samples for each channel, shows that there are only three busy channels (50, 51 and 52) which were used in that area. We have thus decided on experimenting TakNet coverage utilising the excellent radio characteristics of TVWS to cover the gap that our earlier CWMN could not support. In our deployment, we intend to use an LTE small cell operating on the UHF 700 band (736.5-743.5 MHz), called E40 [1]. The LTE small cell can support the bandwidth up to 75/25 Mbps with the maximum 16 active users while its maximum coverage area is about 4 km. As for the end user device, each villager can simply use his/her mobile phone attached with a TakNet sim card to retrieve the cellular connection. The villager can also use the mobile WiFi hotspot (MiFi) to share the cellular connection to other WiFi devices. Notice that 700MHz band is commonly supported by commodity devices in the market.

ANRW ’18, July 16, 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada

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N O I TATS T N E I L C

Mae Kasa Temple (16°52'35.14"N, 98°37'27.26"E)

:SERUTAEF egatnavdA murtcepS tnorfhcaeB ehT

noisivelet tnacav ot ssecca troppus ot dengised oidar denfied-erawftos a si tcennoClaruR ehT -daorb desnecilnu rof elbaliava slennahc VT deipucconu eseht edam CCF eht ,0102 nI .sdnab .evaworcim ot roirepus notiagaporp dna egnar htiw dnab

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8.55 km

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snotiacilppA elptiluM

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N O I TATS E S AB :SNOITACILPPA

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Gateway

0.58 km



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Moo 1 Mae Gued Luang (16°47'52.43"N, 98°35'51.45"E)





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noitatS esaB

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0.98 km


N O I TATS E S AB :SNOITACILPPA

sseccA tenretnI dnabdaorB laruR • luahkcaB topstoH ytinummoC • dnabdaorB cidamoN • elim elddim dna luahkcab SOLN • snotiacilppA elptiluM ® skrowteN PIS/PIoV • .skrowten tnioptilum-ot-tniop dna tniop-ot-tniop etaerc ot desu eb nac tcennoClaruR ehT ytiruTcSeO S& alliO evLrudSnoaedEiG VA •REVOC RETTEB ,DEEPS RETSAF C eRcEnW N O I TATS T N E I L C sctisongaiD dna tnemeganaM etomeR tinU dnammoC O eliIbDoA MR•DNABDAORB ECAPS ETIHW VT IUG desab-resworb evisneherpmoc ,esu-ot-ysae na revo detarepo si tcennoClaerucnRaethsiTd ,enicidemelet gnignirb ,sekrroofwetben Neeem b oreHve•n s’ ti erehw dnabdaorb larur enigamI deganam yleruces dna tneicffie rof mrotfalp dezilartnec a sedivorp taht metsys tnemVeTgtannaacm av sesu tcen:snnooCtilaacriunRum .snmootiCacAoDlAeCliSmM -t2saMl o•t ytivticennoc latinediser dna gninrael .snotiarepo kzrhoM wt0e9n7 ot 074 | yllacgisneirmeo tedMzh&Mdi8r9G6troatm0S74•: murtcepS ecapS etihW VT( seicneuqerf giSohcffi VT .setis lapicinumsdnnoatia,sceinssuemnm isuobC ,lsaenm otardTna•bdaorb sseleriw gnirb ot )yllanotianretni nadlnleaWsllsiahGdn &uloiOra•evaew dna egailof etartenep seicneuqerf zHM009 naht rett noitarugfinoC tnuoM tilpS ree dB ner taht sreiernrailbepriePhdto gnirotinoM etaivella pleh ot murtceps wen fo zHM022 ot pu sreffo ecapS etihW VT .elbareponi iF-iW ro evaworcim inmO smraF dniW • .sretem trams zHM009 fo ecnavda eht annetnA

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oidaR N O I TATS E S AB :SeN OITACILPPA lbaC tenrehtE

sseccA tenretnI dnabdaorB laruR • luahkcaB topstoH ytinummoC •noitatS esaB dnabdaorB cidamoN • elim elddim dna luahkcab SOLN • skrowteN PIS/PIoV • ytiruceS & ecnallievruS oediV • tinU dnammoC eliboM • skrowteN emoH • :snotiacinummoC ADACS M2M • gnireteM & dirG tramS • snotiacinummoC langiS cffiarT • enilepiP dna lleW saG & liO • gnirotinoM smraF dniW •

elbaC xaoC FR

elbaC tenrehtE

Internet



tuphguorht eht sreffo tcennoClaruR eht ,ATO )SU s/bM 61( s/bM 02 ot pu sdeeps atad htiW -hgih ybraen skcolb ygolonhcet reviecer decnavdA .sdeen tenretnI s’yadot rof yrassecen notialudom dna secnatsid tnereffid fo selpmaxE .gnirefretni morf slangis VT ralullec rewop .kcab eht no trahc a no nwohs era nigram knil dna stuphguoht wohs ot sgntties

elbaC xaoC FR


tuphguorht eht sreffo tcennoClaruR eht ,ATO )SU s/bM 61( s/bM 02 ot pu sdeeps atad htiW -hgih ybraen skcolb ygolonhcet reviecer decnavdA .sdeen tenretnI s’ yadot rof yrassecen notialudom dna secnatsid tnereffid fo selpmaxE .gnirefretni morf slangis VT ralullec rewop .kcab eht no trahc a no nwohs era nigram knil dna stuphguoht wohs ot sgntties

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Moo 15 Mae Gued Mai Don Sawang (16°47'24.42"N, 98°35'16.46"E)


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Mae Gued Luang School (16°48'9.74"N, 98°35'58.99"E)

1.88 km

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.O N L E D O M E S A B F-FHU-MR-PA-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-MR-PA-PICRS : zHM8 .O N L E D O M E S A B T I L P S F-FHU-UDO-PA-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-UDO-PA-PICRS : zHM8

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devorppA-CCF

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Moo 9 Thai Samakhee (16°47'39.02"N, 98°35'51.34"E)

8-F-FHU-UDO-SC-PICRS : zHM8

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inmO annetnA

zHM009 naht retteB


N O I TATS E S AB :SNOITACILPPA sseccA tenretnI dnabdaorB laruR • luahkcaB topstoH ytinummoC • dnabdaorB cidamoN • elim elddim dna luahkcab SOLN • skrowteN PIS/PIoV • ytiruceS & ecnallievruS oediV • tinU dnammoC eliboM • skrowteN emoH • :snotiacinummoC ADACS M2M • gnireteM & dirG tramS • snotiacinummoC langiS cffiarT • enilepiP dna lleW saG & liO • gnirotinoM smraF dniW •

elbaC xaoC FR

.cnI ,seigolonhceT sseleriW noslraC

oidaR

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elbaC tenrehtE


siht ,tenibac roodtuo ro gnidliub ni dellatsni yllacipyT :roodni llA sihT .erusolcne elbatnuom kcar eht ni oidar eht setaroprocni ledom .soidar luahkcab rof notiarugfinoc lacipyt a

.O N L E D O M E S A B F-FHU-MR-PA-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-MR-PA-PICRS : zHM8

Figure 1: TVWS deployment noitatS esaB

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.O N L E D O M E S A B T I L P S F-FHU-UDO-PA-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-UDO-PA-PICRS : zHM8 .O N L E D O M T N E I L C F-FHU-UDO-SC-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-UDO-SC-PICRS : zHM8

.cnI ,seigolonhceT sseleriW noslraC eunevA retsoF 0072


The TV UHF band in developing countries is significantly underutilised [10–12], and its radio propagation characteristics are much better than the unlicensed WiFi (2.4/5GHz) band [9]. TakNet aims to utilise these excellent characteristics of TVWS to provide the middle mile access from the Internet gateway to the remote villages.The TVWS link based on IEEE 802.11af [6] can cover the long distance (i.e., 10-15 km), even line-of-sight is not available. We are currently working with NBTC, Thailand regulator to deploy the first TVWS trail in Thailand by using Carlson Gen3 equipments [4]. Similar to our LTE solution, the middle mile TVWS link is also operated in 700 band with 8 MHz channel spacing. Figure 1 illustrates the locations of our TVWS trail. The TVWS base station is located at Ban Mae Gued Luang school which have two fiber connections for Internet access. The first link (100/100 Mbps) is provided by UniNet [5] and the second link (200/200 Mbps) is connected to the commercial ISP. The gateway at Ban Mae Gued Luang school also uses the load balancing to share the outgoing traffic on both links. We will connect 4 rural villages, as shown in Figure 1, to this gateway for Internet access. The longest TVWS link in our deployment is about 8.55 km which connects Mae Kasa Temple community to the Internet gateway. TVWS will act as TakNet’s core network while the LTE small cells provides the last meter accesses to the users that CWMN could not cover.

3

CONTENT DISTRIBUTION SERVICE

As Internet connectivity is shared among increasing number of users in TakNet with more bandwidth greedy applications, our limited connectivity to the Internet can become slow and highly intermittent. As a result, users accessing the contents (e.g., soap opera, news, coursewares) from rural villages could experience very poor quality. To alleviate this problem, we are introducing a content distribution service where the contents or services can be delivered from the content and service providers to the rural villages. As shown

Lertsinsrubtavee.et al. in Figure 2, rural villages are connected to the Internet Exchange Point, BKNIX [2] based in Bangkok, via the VPN connection. To interoperate the content delivery between the content providers and rural networks of TakNet, we deploy our main content server at the BKNIX side and at least one content server in each community while these servers form a distributed cache sharing contents among themselves locally. Hence the contents belonging to the community’s interests can be pushed and kept closer to the users for effective disseminations. We have implemented these caches storing video contents using either high-capacity dongles attaching to our mobile routers/access points or raspberry Pi where the users can access the contents via web servers running on either raspberry Pi or web server-enabled access points. Content push and prefetching activities are done during the off-peak hours at night when not many users are online. The web access logs can be analysed such that the contents similar to the highly accessed ones can be prefetched in order to meet the community needs.

Content Server

Internet Gateway

VPN Gateway

TVWS-BS

TSOC REWOL dna EGAREVOC RETTEB ,DEEPS RETSAF OIDAR DNABDAORB ECAPS ETIHW VT


Content Server




Content Server





inmO annetnA oidaR

zHM009 naht retteB


noitatS esaB



CDNs Provider

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elbaC xaoC FR

elbaC tenrehtE

ISP

L2-Switch


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IXP (BKNIX)

TVWS-CPE

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LTE-BS

.O N L E D O M E S A B F-FHU-MR-PA-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-MR-PA-PICRS : zHM8 .O N L E D O M E S A B T I L P S F-FHU-UDO-PA-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-UDO-PA-PICRS : zHM8 .O N L E D O M T N E I L C F-FHU-UDO-SC-PICRS : zHM6 8-F-FHU-UDO-SC-PICRS : zHM8 .cnI ,seigolonhceT sseleriW noslraC eunevA retsoF 0072


LTEoTVWS

Content Providers

CWMN

Figure 2: The overview of TakNet architecture

4

CONCLUSION

TakNet is the pioneer in deploying CWMN to provide an economically affordable solution for Internet connection in the rural area of Thailand. From our invaluable five years of experiences, we have discovered several challenges that require more concrete solution to support the growth of the network and self-sustainability. Our new TakNet architecture that combines multiple access technologies such as wireless mesh network, TVWS (802.11.af) and LTE over TVWS for providing resilient infrastructure in challenged network environment (e.g., nlos, hidden terminal). On top of that, TakNet also run a content delivery network which can offer fast and reliable content and service delivery from IXPs to the rural villages. This means day-to-day core activities of community members like watching video streaming or accessing to popular websites are supported. We are currently working on a project with the Thai regulator on the first experimental TVWS trial in Thailand as well as planning to introduce local services in Thai language for the users in the very near future.

Wireless Edge Network for Sustainable Rural Community Networks

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper has been supported by the Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research and Development Fund for the Public Interest, Thailand through the “TV White Space” project (B2-2-04/58) and THNIC foundation.

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ANRW ’18, July 16, 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada