(19.33). 11. CES-D 10. 30.99. (16.56). 32.07. (16.92). 28.14. (15.27). Big Five ... Hautzinger (2001) 20-item German version, Samples 3, 8, 9, and 10 used ...
Table S2.1 Means (With Standard Deviations in Parentheses) for the Depression and Negative Emotionality Measures in the 11 Samples, by Gender Depression Sample
Measure
1
Negative Emotionality
All
Female
Male
CES-D 20
23.21 (16.74)
24.17 (16.85)
21.78 (16.54)
2
BDI-II
23.81 (16.85)
23.93 (16.47)
3
CES-D 10
39.90 (22.67)
4
BDI-II
5
Measure
All
Female
Male
BFI
46.14 (17.52)
49.29 (17.18)
41.40 (17.03)
23.61 (17.66)
BFI
39.23 (19.95)
39.32 (20.04)
40.22 (19.55)
38.69 (22.32)
42.82 (23.53)
BFI
43.87 (19.07)
43.22 (19.76)
45.47 (17.42)
18.89 (12.92)
18.37 (12.83)
19.97 (13.21)
BFI
51.38 (18.59)
53.21 (17.70)
46.73 (20.38)
CES-D 20
19.34 (13.77)
21.00 (14.79)
17.14 (11.98)
TIPI
31.68 (21.28)
37.84 (20.85)
23.53 (19.03)
6
BDI-II
37.79 (17.68)
37.32 (20.42)
38.84 (9.41)
NEO-FFI
66.15 (14.38)
66.40 (15.03)
65.60 (13.23)
7
CES-D 10
31.61 (16.12)
33.92 (17.65)
28.50 (13.37)
BFAS
43.30 (16.86)
48.40 (15.44)
36.45 (16.40)
8
CES-D 10
32.55 (18.21)
33.75 (19.41)
30.57 (15.87)
TIPI
38.41 (24.18)
41.78 (23.85)
33.15 (23.79)
9
CES-D 10
29.04 (16.93)
29.96 (16.76)
27.52 (17.13)
BFI
52.62 (20.87)
57.26 (20.20)
45.28 (19.79)
10
CES-D 10
33.96 (18.53)
34.00 (18.82)
33.97 (18.42)
BFI
50.28 (19.66)
52.98 (19.36)
44.91 (19.33)
11
CES-D 10
30.99 (16.56)
32.07 (16.92)
28.14 (15.27)
Big Five factor markers
49.26 (19.24)
51.37 (18.88)
43.70 (19.14)
Note. To aid in interpretation, the depression and negative emotionality measures were rescaled with a linear transformation to percent of maximum possible (POMP) scores, giving them a theoretical range of 0–100 (P. Cohen, Cohen, Aiken, & West, 1999). CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Sample 1 used Radloff (1977) 20-item version, Sample 5 used Meyer & Hautzinger (2001) 20-item German version, Samples 3, 8, 9, and 10 used Andresen et al. (1994) 10-item version, and Samples 7 and 11 used Cole et al. (2004) 10-item version); BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II (Samples 2 and 4 used Beck et al. (1996) version and Sample 6 used Hautzinger et al. (2003) German version); BFI = 8-item neuroticism scale from the Big Five Inventory (John et al., 2008); TIPI = 2-item neuroticism scale from the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (Sample 8 used Gosling et al. (2003) version and Sample 5 used Muck et al. (2007) German version); NEO-FFI = 12-item neuroticism scale from the Borkenau & Ostendorf (1993) German version of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory; BFAS = 20-item neuroticism scale from the Big Five Aspect Scales (DeYoung et al., 2007); Big Five factor markers = 10-item neuroticism scale from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) representation of Goldberg’s (1992) Big Five factor markers (http://ipip.ori.org/newBigFive5broadKey.htm).
Table S2.2 Means (With Standard Deviations in Parentheses) of Total, Subjective, Objective, and Possessive First-Person Singular Pronoun Use in the 11 Samples, by Gender First-Person Singular Pronouns Total Sample and Task(s)
Subjective (I)
Objective (me/myself)
Possessive (my/mine)
All
F
M
All
F
M
All
F
M
All
F
M
1
Quality of life essay
12.20 (2.94)
12.55 (2.80)
11.69 (3.09)
6.49 (2.24)
6.59 (2.14)
6.34 (2.39)
2.03 (1.12)
2.10 (1.13)
1.93 (1.10)
3.68 (1.56)
3.86 (1.55)
3.42 (1.54)
2
Talk about marital separation experience
6.94 (2.44)
7.33 (2.44)
6.23 (2.32)
4.84 (1.94)
5.13 (1.97)
4.33 (1.83)
1.13 (0.81)
1.23 (0.87)
0.95 (0.66)
0.98 (0.65)
0.97 (0.65)
0.96 (0.62)
3
Talk about martial separation experience
7.38 (2.45)
7.41 (2.39)
7.32 (2.63)
5.29 (1.96)
5.33 (1.91)
5.20 (2.09)
1.04 (0.68)
1.05 (0.66)
1.04 (0.71)
1.05 (0.71)
1.03 (0.74)
1.08 (0.61)
4
Talk about dating separation experience
7.55 (1.94)
7.71 (2.02)
7.12 (1.68)
5.48 (1.48)
5.56 (1.58)
5.28 (1.16)
1.32 (0.82)
1.36 (0.87)
1.19 (0.70)
0.75 (0.49)
0.79 (0.49)
0.64 (0.48)
5
Talk about relationship
8.61 (3.94)
9.32 (3.40)
7.66 (4.40)
4.22 (2.35)
4.50 (2.08)
3.86 (2.63)
2.70 (1.76)
3.07 (1.65)
2.21 (1.79)
1.69 (1.59)
1.76 (1.59)
1.59 (1.60)
6
Expressive writing essay
9.41 (3.64)
9.48 (2.97)
9.26 (5.09)
5.04 (2.21)
4.93 (1.76)
5.30 (3.12)
2.24 (1.31)
2.31 (1.13)
2.09 (1.75)
2.13 (1.22)
2.24 (1.15)
1.87 (1.40)
Time management essay
8.04 (3.20)
8.87 (2.68)
6.28 (3.67)
4.24 (2.63)
4.68 (2.60)
3.30 (2.63)
1.89 (1.14)
2.01 (1.16)
1.63 (1.10)
1.91 (1.25)
2.17 (1.27)
1.36 (1.07)
8.79 (3.49)
9.21 (2.83)
7.85 (4.60)
4.68 (2.42)
4.82 (2.15)
4.36 (2.99)
2.08 (1.24)
2.18 (1.14)
1.87 (1.46)
2.03 (1.23)
2.21 (1.19)
1.63 (1.24)
Chapters in life story
9.28 (2.86)
10.10 (2.20)
8.15 (3.28)
5.89 (2.62)
6.48 (2.09)
5.08 (3.04)
0.89 (0.72)
0.93 (0.83)
0.82 (0.53)
2.50 (1.18)
2.69 (1.23)
2.25 (1.06)
High point in life story
8.85 (3.81)
9.47 (3.47)
8.02 (4.12)
5.11 (3.09)
5.65 (2.95)
4.37 (3.15)
1.22 (1.09)
1.12 (1.13)
1.34 (1.03)
2.53 (1.51)
2.70 (1.50)
2.30 (1.51)
Low point in life story
9.14 (3.54)
9.87 (3.39)
8.16 (3.54)
5.52 (3.11)
6.20 (2.96)
4.61 (3.10)
1.25 (0.96)
1.16 (0.84)
1.37 (1.09)
2.37 (1.51)
2.51 (1.52)
2.19 (1.49)
Turning point in life story
10.22 (3.12)
10.79 (2.74)
9.45 (3.44)
6.54 (2.98)
7.06 (2.48)
5.85 (3.46)
1.57 (1.07)
1.61 (1.06)
1.53 (1.08)
2.10 (1.16)
2.13 (1.18)
2.07 (1.15)
9.37 (2.58)
10.06 (2.05)
8.46 (2.95)
5.77 (2.29)
6.35 (1.74)
4.99 (2.69)
1.23 (0.64)
1.21 (0.65)
1.27 (0.64)
2.37 (0.94)
2.50 (0.95)
2.19 (0.90)
10.68 (2.34)
11.11 (2.12)
10.01 (2.51)
7.70 (1.93)
7.94 (1.80)
7.32 (2.05)
0.94 (0.54)
1.01 (0.54)
0.83 (0.52)
2.04 (0.86)
2.15 (0.86)
1.86 (0.82)
0.63
0.57
0.73
0.45
0.41
0.51
0.08
0.07
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.11
Average 7
Average 8
Stream-of-consciousness task Thematic apperception test
Average
(1.70)
(1.61)
(1.83)
(1.15)
(1.08)
(1.26)
(0.28)
(0.22)
(0.35)
(0.39)
(0.40)
(0.39)
5.84 (1.90)
6.02 (1.73)
5.54 (2.10)
4.21 (1.46)
4.30 (1.32)
4.04 (1.62)
0.53 (0.33)
0.56 (0.32)
0.49 (0.36)
1.10 (0.54)
1.16 (0.55)
1.01 (0.51)
9
Stream-of-consciousness task
10.56 (2.43)
10.90 (2.30)
10.03 (2.55)
7.48 (1.89)
7.71 (1.82)
7.11 (1.94)
0.95 (0.55)
1.00 (0.52)
0.87 (0.58)
2.13 (0.92)
2.18 (0.89)
2.05 (0.98)
10
Stream-of-consciousness task
11.13 (2.54)
11.57 (2.35)
10.29 (2.68)
7.91 (2.03)
8.24 (1.94)
7.26 (2.10)
1.11 (0.63)
1.15 (0.63)
1.05 (0.64)
2.11 (0.89)
2.18 (0.87)
1.98 (0.91)
Thematic apperception test
0.75 (1.94)
0.89 (2.20)
0.49 (1.36)
0.52 (1.28)
0.60 (1.42)
0.37 (0.97)
0.09 (0.30)
0.12 (0.34)
0.05 (0.22)
0.14 (0.49)
0.17 (0.57)
0.07 (0.28)
Who am I? task
12.83 (2.18)
13.21 (2.04)
12.15 (2.22)
8.15 (1.86)
8.36 (1.83)
7.77 (1.87)
2.02 (0.84)
2.13 (0.83)
1.82 (0.82)
2.65 (1.02)
2.72 (1.03)
2.56 (0.99)
Average
8.21 (1.70)
8.53 (1.57)
7.67 (1.76)
5.52 (1.32)
5.72 (1.25)
5.15 (1.33)
1.07 (0.41)
1.12 (0.41)
0.97 (0.40)
1.63 (0.55)
1.68 (0.54)
1.54 (0.56)
Important memory or life episode
10.38 (3.75)
10.49 (3.81)
10.11 (3.60)
5.56 (3.05)
5.59 (3.08)
5.49 (2.99)
1.49 (1.40)
1.52 (1.42)
1.42 (1.35)
3.33 (1.97)
3.38 (1.90)
3.20 (2.15)
Important moment in romantic life
9.52 (3.75)
9.53 (3.30)
9.50 (4.78)
5.43 (3.03)
5.34 (2.76)
5.66 (3.66)
1.71 (1.74)
1.91 (1.77)
1.17 (1.54)
2.38 (2.06)
2.28 (1.71)
2.67 (2.78)
Person you care most about
10.92 (4.30)
10.76 (4.36)
11.34 (4.13)
5.10 (2.64)
5.02 (2.49)
5.32 (2.99)
2.10 (1.99)
2.00 (1.87)
2.34 (2.29)
3.72 (2.64)
3.74 (2.74)
3.67 (2.36)
Recent problem
10.44 (3.78)
10.32 (3.84)
10.75 (3.59)
6.64 (2.87)
6.61 (2.94)
6.70 (2.66)
1.35 (1.39)
1.37 (1.40)
1.28 (1.39)
2.45 (1.74)
2.34 (1.63)
2.77 (2.00)
Like most about yourself
14.75 (4.59)
15.11 (4.52)
13.77 (4.67)
9.72 (3.54)
10.00 (3.41)
8.97 (3.80)
2.35 (1.83)
2.37 (1.80)
2.31 (1.91)
2.67 (3.42)
2.74 (3.65)
2.49 (2.73)
Like least about yourself
15.12 (5.51)
15.41 (5.09)
14.37 (6.46)
9.93 (4.27)
10.61 (3.58)
9.34 (5.68)
2.57 (2.31)
2.58 (2.04)
2.56 (2.92)
2.62 (4.07)
2.67 (4.13)
2.47 (3.93)
11.85 (2.32)
11.94 (2.16)
11.63 (2.69)
7.06 (1.68)
7.12 (1.54)
6.89 (2.00)
1.93 (0.86)
1.96 (0.82)
1.87 (0.96)
2.86 (1.39)
2.86 (1.39)
2.87 (1.41)
11
Average
Note. Numbers reflect percentage of total words. For example, in Sample 1, 6.49% of all words spoken or written are subjective first-person singular pronouns (i.e., I, I’m, I’ve, I’ll, I’d). All = All participants; F = Female participants; M = Male participants.
Table S2.3. Zero-Order Correlations for Depression and First-Person Singular Pronoun Use in the 11 Samples, by Pronoun Type, Context, and Gender First-Person Singular Pronouns
2
x
3
Subjective (I)
Objective (me/myself)
Possessive (my/mine)
Male
Total
Female
Participants
All
Impersonal
x
Identity
x
Moment. Th.
Personal
1
Sample
All
Communication Context
252
151
101
.08 [–.04, .20]
.06 [–.10, .20]
.09 [–.09, .28]
.11 [–.03, .23]
.14 [–.03, .29]
.06 [–.16, .25]
–.02 [–.15, .10]
–.07 [–.22, .08]
.04 [–.18, .27]
.02 [–.12, .15]
–.03 [–.20, .15]
.07 [–.15, .28]
x
132
84
48
.29 [.10, .47]
.30 [.04, .54]
.30 [.04, .53]
.20 [.01, .38]
.21 [–.08, .46]
.19 [–.08, .41]
.32 [.14, .49]
.35 [.15, .56]
.27 [–.05, .58]
.11 [–.05, .27]
.02 [–.17, .20]
.27 [–.03, .53]
x
x
133
94
39
.21 [.05, .36]
.05 [–.15, .23]
.55 [.33, .72]
.18 [.02, .33]
.01 [–.19, .20]
.54 [.29, .75]
.13 [–.06, .32]
.00 [–.20, .20]
.43 [.05, .71]
.10 [–.08, .28]
.13 [–.12, .34]
.04 [–.27, .33]
4
x
x
161
117
43
.10 [–.06, .25]
–.01 [–.19, .18]
.49 [.24, .68]
.10 [–.08, .28]
.00 [–.20, .21]
.53 [.24, .72]
.07 [–.14, .30]
.04 [–.24, .34]
.18 [–.05, .40]
–.05 [–.20, .13]
–.13 [–.31, .07]
.17 [–.21, .51]
5
x
x
305
174
131
.02 [–.10, .14]
.03 [–.14, .19]
–.06 [–.23, .10]
.05 [–.06, .16]
.04 [–.11, .20]
.02 [–.15, .19]
.03 [–.08, .14]
.04 [–.10, .18]
–.07 [–.23, .10]
–.06 [–.16, .04]
–.04 [–.18, .10]
–.12 [–.26, .03]
6
x
x
55
38
17
–.08 [–.33, .15]
–.20 [–.48, .09]
.28 [–.29, .74]
–.22 –.38 .24 [–.45, .01] [–.65, –.09] [–.15, .68]
.02 [–.31, .33]
–.09 [–.47, .30]
.48 [–.21, .90]
.20 [–.04, .42]
.31 [.02, .58]
–.21 [–.55, .24]
x
30
21
9
–.08 [–.46, .22]
–.15 [–.61, .28]
.07 [–.90, .73]
–.17 [–.57, .14]
–.31 [–.77, .19]
.07 [–.84, .75]
.10 [–.43, .45]
.04 [–.59, .50]
.34 [–.82, .94]
–.04 [–.30, .23]
.06 [–.26, .44]
–.33 [–.99, .17]
x
110
63
47
.25 [.07, .42]
.08 [–.18, .32]
.40 [.12, .63]
.21 [.03, .38]
.02 [–.21, .28]
.36 [.05, .60]
.20 [–.06, .44]
.32 [–.04, .58]
.01 [–.30, .34]
.05 [–.15, .24]
–.08 [–.34, .16]
.21 [–.08, .48]
709
441
268
.12 [.06, .18]
.14 [.06, .22]
.07 [–.03, .17]
.10 [.03, .17]
.12 [.03, .21]
.04 [–.06, .15]
.11 [.03, .18]
.10 [.00, .20]
.11 [–.02, .22]
.07 [.01, .14]
.05 [–.03, .14]
.08 [–.03, .19]
701
438
263
.12 [.06, .20]
.15 [.06, .24]
.04 [–.08, .15]
.09 [.01, .16]
.12 [.02, .21]
.01 [–.12, .13]
.11 [.02, .20]
.11 [.00, .23]
.08 [–.06, .21]
.06 [–.02, .14]
.04 [–.06, .14]
.06 [–.07, .18]
686
428
258
.04 [–.02, .11]
.04 [–.04, .12]
.06 [–.04, .17]
.04 [–.02, .11]
.04 [–.04, .13]
.05 [–.05, .15]
.04 [–.02, .10]
.02 [–.05, .11]
.08 [–.04, .20]
.05 [–.01, .10]
.03 [–.03, .09]
.08 [–.02, .18]
833
520
313
.07 [.00, .14]
.04 [–.06, .13]
.10 [–.01, .21]
.08 [.02, .15]
.06 [–.03, .15]
.10 [–.01, .20]
.04 [–.03, .12]
.04 [–.05, .13]
.03 [–.09, .16]
–.01 [–.07, .06]
–.06 [–.13, .02]
.05 [–.07, .16]
1181
738
366
.10 [.04, .16]
.09 [.01, .16]
.13 [.02, .23]
.11 [.05, .16]
.10 [.03, .18]
.11 [.00, .21]
.10 [.04, .16]
.09 [.02, .17]
.08 [–.02, .19]
–.01 [–.07, .05]
–.04 [–.11, .03]
.07 [–.04, .18]
1177
737
363
.10 [.04, .15]
.07 [.00, .14]
.12 [.01, .23]
.10 [.05, .16]
.10 [.03, .17]
.10 [–.01, .21]
.10 [.04, .16]
.09 [.02, .16]
.09 [–.03, .20]
–.03 –.09 .08 [–.09, .03] [–.16, –.02] [–.03, .19]
1159
726
356
.11 [.05, .17]
.10 [.03, .17]
.14 [.03, .25]
.10 [.04, .16]
.12 [.05, .19]
.09 [–.02, .21]
.11 [.06, .17]
.11 [.03, .18]
.12 [.01, .22]
.01 [–.05, .07]
–.07 [–.15, .01]
.13 [.02, .23]
1155
726
354
.05 [–.01, .11]
.02 [–.05, .09]
.07 [–.05, .17]
.07 [.02, .13]
.05 [–.03, .13]
.08 [–.02, .18]
.04 [–.02, .10]
.03 [–.05, .10]
.01 [–.09, .11]
–.06 [–.12, .00]
–.07 [–.14, .00]
–.01 [–.13, .11]
1154
730
348
.04 [–.03, .11]
.05 [–.03, .13]
.00 [–.12, .14]
.04 [–.02, .11]
.05 [–.03, .12]
.02 [–.11, .16]
.04 [–.03, .11]
.04 [–.04, .13]
.02 [–.12, .17]
.03 [–.04, .10]
.05 [–.03, .14]
–.06 [–.15, .05]
448
325
123
.15 [.06, .24]
.09 [–.02, .20]
.27 [.09, .45]
.19 [.10, .27]
.16 [.06, .26]
.25 [.08, .41]
.05 [–.06, .15]
.02 [–.12, .15]
.11 [–.08, .31]
–.02 [–.11, .07]
–.07 [–.16, .04]
.12 [–.10, .32]
448
325
123
.15 [.05, .24]
.09 [–.01, .20]
.24 [.03, .44]
.20 [.11, .28]
.17 [.07, .26]
.24 [.04, .42]
.01 [–.09, .12]
–.01 [–.12, .12]
.04 [–.15, .25]
–.01 [–.09, .08]
–.04 [–.12, .07]
.04 [–.14, .24]
7
x
8
x
x
x
x
x x
9
x
10
x
x
x
x x x x 11
x
x x
All
F
M
All
F
M
All
F
M
All
F
M
Note. Pearson’s r and 95% confidence interval of Pearson’s r is shown. Moment. Th. = Momentary Thought; All = All participants; F = Female participants; M = Male participants.
Table S2.4. Zero-Order Correlations for Negative Emotionality and First-Person Singular Pronoun Use in the 11 Samples, by Pronoun Type, Context, and Gender First-Person Singular Pronouns
2
x
3
Subjective (I)
Objective (me/myself)
Possessive (my/mine)
Male
Total
Female
Participants
All
Impersonal
x
Identity
x
Moment. Th.
Personal
1
Sample
All
Communication Context
253
152
101
.12 [–.01, .23]
.02 [–.13, .17]
.18 [–.02, .35]
.10 [–.02, .21]
.07 [–.09, .23]
.10 [–.09, .29]
.05 [–.07, .17]
–.01 [–.16, .14]
.09 [–.14, .31]
.05 [–.07, .15]
–.06 [–.19, .09]
.13 [–.07, .30]
x
83
56
26
.09 [–.12, .30]
.13 [–.13, .39]
.09 [–.29, .43]
.08 [–.14, .29]
.13 [–.14, .39]
.00 [–.42, .44]
.13 [–.05, .33]
.10 [–.12, .34]
.24 [–.11, .54]
–.05 [–.28, .19]
–.03 [–.29, .25]
.08 [–.36, .45]
x
x
131
93
38
.05 [–.12, .22]
.09 [–.14, .30]
–.04 [–.32, .25]
.02 [–.17, .20]
.05 [–.18, .27]
–.06 [–.34, .23]
.04 [–.13, .20]
.03 [–.17, .22]
.07 [–.18, .34]
.10 [–.11, .27]
.14 [–.08, .35]
–.05 [–.52, .38]
4
x
x
161
117
43
.11 [–.04, .26]
.04 [–.12, .21]
.25 [–.10, .53]
.13 [–.02, .28]
.03 [–.14, .21]
.39 [.06, .63]
.06 [–.08, .21]
.08 [–.09, .27]
–.05 [–.33, .22]
–.04 [–.19, .11]
–.08 [–.25, .09]
.02 [–.36, .35]
5
x
x
302
172
130
.13 [.02, .23]
.22 [.07, .37]
–.10 [–.25, .04]
.10 [–.01, .21]
.14 [–.01, .29]
–.03 [–.18, .15]
.15 [.03, .26]
.20 [.07, .34]
–.07 [–.22, .10]
–.01 [–.12, .10]
.07 –.15 [–.07, .22] [–.29, –.02]
6
x
x
55
38
17
.15 [–.12, .40]
–.10 [–.38, .16]
.59 [.09, .89]
.05 [–.22, .30]
–.19 [–.47, .07]
.51 [–.02, .86]
.01 [–.32, .36]
–.14 [–.49, .28]
.33 [–.39, .75]
.31 [.06, .52]
.20 [–.14, .48]
.58 [.24, .82]
x
30
21
9
.16 [–.26, .51]
–.16 [–.56, .25]
.75 [–.07, .98]
.09 [–.34, .43]
–.30 [–.68, .13]
.73 [.28, .98]
.07 [–.40, .49]
–.12 [–.59, .38]
.48 [–.81, .93]
.24 [–.07, .48]
.16 [–.26, .46]
.50 [–.55, .95]
x
110
63
47
.37 [.20, .51]
.08 [–.16, .31]
.48 [.27, .65]
.37 [.21, .51]
.09 [–.16, .33]
.49 [.27, .67]
.06 [–.18, .27]
.15 [–.24, .44]
–.02 [–.26, .23]
.06 [–.11, .24]
–.07 [–.30, .14]
.11 [–.17, .37]
932
569
362
.14 [.08, .21]
.10 [.01, .19]
.14 [.05, .24]
.11 [.05, .18]
.08 [–.01, .17]
.12 [.03, .21]
.09 [.02, .15]
.07 [–.02, .16]
.08 [–.02, .19]
.10 [.04, .16]
.07 [–.01, .15]
.10 [–.01, .21]
922
565
356
.15 [.09, .22]
.08 [–.01, .17]
.18 [.08, .27]
.12 [.06, .19]
.05 [–.03, .14]
.17 [.07, .26]
.10 [.04, .17]
.06 [–.02, .15]
.10 [.01, .19]
.08 [.02, .14]
.04 [–.04, .13]
.06 [–.03, .16]
889
547
342
.03 [–.03, .10]
.05 [–.02, .14]
.01 [–.09, .12]
.02 [–.04, .09]
.05 [–.03, .14]
.00 [–.09, .10]
.02 [–.05, .09]
.05 [–.03, .13]
.01 [–.10, .12]
.04 [–.02, .10]
.04 [–.02, .11]
.05 [–.06, .17]
922
565
357
.13 [.07, .20]
.09 [.01, .17]
.09 [–.01, .19]
.14 [.07, .20]
.09 [.01, .18]
.11 [.00, .21]
.08 [.02, .14]
.10 [.02, .18]
–.02 [–.10, .08]
.02 [–.04, .09]
–.02 [–.10, .06]
.04 [–.07, .13]
1233
766
389
.15 [.10, .21]
.10 [.03, .17]
.11 [.02, .20]
.13 [.07, .18]
.09 [.02, .16]
.11 [.02, .20]
.14 [.09, .19]
.13 [.06, .20]
.05 [–.06, .15]
.06 [.00, .12]
.04 [–.03, .12]
.01 [–.09, .10]
1228
765
386
.14 [.09, .20]
.06 [–.02, .13]
.14 [.04, .24]
.12 [.07, .17]
.04 [–.03, .11]
.14 [.05, .23]
.13 [.08, .18]
.10 [.03, .16]
.08 [–.02, .19]
.03 [–.03, .09]
–.02 [–.10, .06]
.03 [–.07, .13]
1206
753
376
.13 [.07, .19]
.08 [.01, .15]
.10 [.00, .20]
.11 [.05, .17]
.08 [.01, .15]
.07 [–.03, .16]
.13 [.08, .19]
.11 [.04, .18]
.14 [.04, .24]
.02 [–.04, .08]
–.03 [-.10, .05]
.05 [–.05, .15]
1195
745
376
.10 [.04, .16]
.01 [–.06, .08]
.12 [.03, .21]
.09 [.03, .14]
.00 [–.06, .07]
.16 [.07, .25]
.06 [.00, .11]
.04 [–.03, .11]
–.02 [–.11, .08]
.00 [–.06, .06]
–.02 [–.09, .06]
–.02 [–.12, .09]
1201
755
370
.07 [.01, .13]
.09 [.02, .17]
–.05 [–.15, .06]
.06 [.00, .12]
.08 [.01, .16]
–.04 [–.14, .07]
.06 [.00, .13]
.09 [.01, .17]
–.05 [–.16, .07]
.07 [.02, .13]
.10 [.04, .16]
–.06 [–.14, .03]
450
326
124
.13 [.05, .21]
.11 [.01, .21]
.16 [.01, .31]
.15 [.06, .23]
.11 [.01, .22]
.21 [.04, .37]
.04 [–.05, .12]
.06 [–.03, .16]
–.04 [–.20, .12]
.00 [–.08, .08]
–.01 [–.12, .08]
.05 [–.13, .20]
450
326
124
.14 [.06, .22]
.11 [.01, .21]
.15 [.01, .29]
.13 [.05, .22]
.12 [.02, .22]
.12 [–.05, .27]
.02 [–.07, .10]
.03 [–.08, .12]
–.01 [–.19, .14]
.05 [–.04, .12]
.02 [–.08, .10]
.10 [–.08, .27]
7
x
8
x
x
x
x
x x
9
x
10
x
x
x
x x x x 11
x
x x
All
F
M
All
F
M
All
F
M
All
F
M
Note. Pearson’s r and 95% confidence interval of Pearson’s r is shown. Moment. Th. = Momentary Thought; All = All participants; F = Female participants; M = Male participants.
`
Table S2.5 Difference Between Female and Male’s Zero-Order Correlations First-Person Singular Pronouns Variable and Contexts
Total
Subjective (I)
Objective (me/myself)
Possessive (my/mine)
Depression All
–.06
[–.12, .00]
–.04
[–.10, .02]
–.01
[–.07, .05]
–.08
[–.14, –.02]
Personal
–.05
[–.11, .01]
–.03
[–.09, .03]
.00
[–.06, .06]
–.09
[–.15, –.03]
Moment. Th.
–.01
[–.09, .07]
.03
[–.05, .11]
.01
[–.07, .09]
–.12
[–.20, –.04]
Identity
–.07
[–.16, .02]
–.04
[–.13, .05]
.00
[–.10, .10]
–.08
[–.17, .02]
.02
[–.08, .12]
.02
[–.08, .12]
–.01
[–.11, .09]
.04
[–.06, .14]
All
–.01
[–.07, .05]
–.04
[–.10, .02]
.06
[.00, .12]
–.02
[–.08, .04]
Personal
–.05
[–.11, .01]
–.07
[–.13, –.01]
.04
[–.02, .10]
–.03
[–.09, .03]
Moment. Th.
–.04
[–.11, .03]
–.04
[–.11, .03]
.02
[–.05, .09]
–.06
[–.13, .01]
Identity
–.14
[–.23, –.05]
–.14
[–.23, –.05]
.02
[–.07, .11]
–.05
[–.14, .04]
.08
[–.01, .17]
.09
[.00, .18]
.07
[–.02, .16]
Impersonal Negative Emotionality
Impersonal
.09
[.00, .18]
Note. Difference between female and male’s Pearson’s rs and 95% confidence interval of the difference is shown. Moment. Th. = Momentary thought. The 95% confidence interval for the difference was calculated using the following equation (Zou, 2007): 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑟𝑟1 − 𝑟𝑟2 − �(𝑟𝑟1 − 𝑙𝑙1 )2 + (𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑟𝑟2 )2 𝑈𝑈 = 𝑟𝑟1 − 𝑟𝑟2 + �(𝑢𝑢1 − 𝑟𝑟1 )2 + (𝑟𝑟2 − 𝑙𝑙2 )2 Where 1 = female, 2 = male r = zero-order correlation for females or males l & u = lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval for female or male’s correlations L & U = lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval of the difference between female and male’s correlations
`
Table S2.6 Zero-Order Correlations for Depression and Negative Emotion Word Use, by Context and Gender
Participants
Context
All
Female
Male
Alla
.18 [.15, .22]
.19 [.16, .23]
.15 [.10, .21]
Personalb
.19 [.15, .22]
.19 [.15, .23]
.16 [.11, .21]
Momentary Thoughtc
.17 [.14, .21]
.17 [.13, .22]
.16 [.09, .23]
Identityd
.19 [.14, .23]
.21 [.15, .26]
.14 [.04, .22]
Impersonale
.09 [.04, .14]
.10 [.04, .17]
.05 [–.03, .13]
Note. Pearson’s r and 95% confidence interval of Pearson’s r is shown. Correlations in bold are |.10| or greater. a Sample size for analyses in all contexts: NAll = 4,319, NF = 2,745, and NM = 1,496 b Sample size for analyses in personal context: NAll = 4,307, NF = 2,741, and NM = 1,488 c Sample size for analyses in momentary thought context: NAll = 2,693, NF = 1,684, and NM = 932 d Sample size for analyses in identity context: NAll = 1,995, NF = 1,286, and NM = 634 e Sample size for analyses in impersonal context: NAll = 1,840, NF = 1,158, and NM = 606
`
Table S2.7 Zero-Order Correlations for Negative Emotionality and Negative Emotion Word Use, by Context and Gender
Participants
Context
All
Female
Male
Alla
.16 [.13, .19]
.15 [.11, .19]
.12 [.07, .17]
Personalb
.17 [.14, .20]
.15 [.11, .19]
.14 [.09, .19]
Momentary Thoughtc
.19 [.15, .23]
.15 [.10, .21]
.18 [.12, .24]
Identityd
.16 [.11, .20]
.15 [.09, .20]
.10 [.03, .18]
Impersonale
.05 [.00, .09]
.06 [.01, .12]
.02 [–.07, .10]
Note. Pearson’s r and 95% confidence interval of Pearson’s r is shown. Correlations in bold are |.10| or greater. a Sample size for analyses in all contexts: NAll = 4,632, NF = 2,917, and NM = 1,634 b Sample size for analyses in personal context: NAll = 4,617, NF = 2,912, and NM = 1,625 c Sample size for analyses in momentary thought context: NAll = 3,050, NF = 1,883, and NM = 1,089 d Sample size for analyses in identity context: NAll = 2,038, NF = 1,307, and NM = 657 e Sample size for analyses in impersonal context: NAll = 2,090, NF = 1,302, and NM = 712
`
Table S2.8 Partial Correlations for Depression and the Interaction Between First-Person Singular Pronouns and Negative Emotion Words Controlling for the Two Linguistic Word Categories, by Pronoun Type, Context, and Gender First-Person Singular Pronouns Total Contexts
All
F
Subjective (I) M
Objective (me/myself)
All
F
M
All
F
Possessive (my/mine) M
All
F
M
Alla
.02 .01 .03 [–.03, .05] [–.04, .06] [–.03, .09]
.04 [.00, .08]
.03 [–.02, .08]
.06 [.00, .12]
.03 .02 .05 [–.00, .06] [–.03, .06] [–.01, .11]
.01 .01 .02 [–.02, .05] [–.03, .06] [–.04, .09]
Personalb
.02 .02 .01 [–.02, .06] [–.03, .07] [–.05, .08]
.04 [.00, .08]
.03 .06 [–.02, .08] [–.01, .12]
.02 .00 .04 [–.02, .05] [–.04, .04] [–.02, .10]
.02 .02 .01 [–.02, .05] [–.02, .07] [–.05, .08]
Moment. Th.c
.03 .04 .02 [–.02, .07] [–.02, .09] [–.06, .09]
.04 [.00, .08]
.03 .07 [–.02, .08] [–.00, .15]
.01 .02 .01 [–.03, .06] [–.03, .07] [–.07, .09]
.03 .04 .02 [–.02, .07] [–.01, .09] [–.06, .11]
Identityd
–.00 .01 –.04 [–.05, .04] [–.04, .06] [–.15, .05]
.02 .02 .03 [–.02, .07] [–.03, .08] [–.06, .14]
.01 –.03 .08 [–.04, .06] [–.09, .03] [–.01, .17]
–.01 .01 –.05 [–.05, .04] [–.04, .06] [–.15, .04]
Impersonale
–.00 –.01 .01 [–.05, .05] [–.07, .05] [–.07, .10]
.03 .03 .02 [–.03, .08] [–.03, .09] [–.06, .10]
.02 .01 .05 [–.04, .07] [–.06, .07] [–.04, .14]
–.00 –.01 .01 [–.05, .05] [–.07, .06] [–.07, .10]
Note. Pearson’s r and 95% confidence interval of Pearson’s r is shown. Correlations in italics have a 95% CI that does not contain 0 (with upper and lower limits rounded to the third decimal place). Moment. Th. = Momentary Thought; All = All participants; F = Female participants; M = Male participants. a Sample size for analyses in all contexts: NAll = 4,319, NF = 2,745, and NM = 1,496 b Sample size for analyses in personal context: NAll = 4,307, NF = 2,741, and NM = 1,488 c Sample size for analyses in momentary thought context: NAll = 2,693, NF = 1,684, and NM = 932 d Sample size for analyses in identity context: NAll = 1,995, NF = 1,286, and NM = 634 e Sample size for analyses in impersonal context: NAll = 1,840, NF = 1,158, and NM = 606
`
Table S2.9 Partial Correlations for Negative Emotionality and the Interaction Between First-Person Singular Pronouns and Negative Emotion Words Controlling for the Two Linguistic Word Categories, by Pronoun Type, Context, and Gender First-Person Singular Pronouns Total Contexts
All
F
Subjective (I) M
All
F
Objective (me/myself) M
All
F
Possessive (my/mine) M
All
F
M
Alla
.01 .01 .02 [–.02, .05] [–.03, .06] [–.03, .08]
.04 [.01, .07]
.04 .04 [–.01, .09] [–.01, .09]
.00 .00 .01 [–.03, .03] [–.04, .04] [–.04, .06]
.01 .02 .03 [–.02, .05] [–.03, .06] [–.03, .08]
Personalb
.01 .01 .02 [–.03, .04] [–.04, .05] [–.03, .07]
.04 [.01, .07]
.05 [.01, .09]
.04 [–.02, .09]
.00 –.00 .01 [–.03, .03] [–.04, .03] [–.05, .06]
.01 .01 .02 [–.02, .04] [–.03, .06] [–.03, .07]
Moment. Th.c
.03 .04 .01 [–.03, .07] [–.04, .08] [–.05, .07]
.07 [.02, .10]
.06 [.02, .11]
.07 [.02, .13]
.03 .05 –.00 [–.02, .07] [–.01, .09] [–.06, .05]
.04 .05 .01 [–.02, .09] [–.03, .09] [–.05, .08]
Identityd
.02 .04 .00 [–.02, .07] [–.02, .09] [–.08, .08]
–.01 .01 –.03 [–.05, .04] [–.04, .06] [–.10, .04]
.01 –.02 .06 [–.03, .05] [–.07, .03] [–.01, .13]
.02 .04 –.01 [–.03, .06] [–.02, .09] [–.10, .07]
Impersonale
.02 .02 .04 [–.02, .05] [–.03, .06] [–.04, .13]
.00 .03 –.01 [–.04, .05] [–.03, .08] [–.08, .06]
–.00 .02 .01 [–.04, .04] [–.04, .07] [–.05, .09]
.02 .01 .04 [–.02, .06] [–.03, .07] [–.04, .12]
Note. Pearson’s r and 95% confidence interval of Pearson’s r is shown. Correlations in italics have a 95% CI that does not contain 0. Moment. Th. = Momentary Thought; All = All participants; F = Female participants; M = Male participants. a Sample size for analyses in all contexts: NAll = 4,632, NF = 2,917, and NM = 1,634 b Sample size for analyses in personal context: NAll = 4,617, NF = 2,912, and NM = 1,625 c Sample size for analyses in momentary thought context: NAll = 3,050, NF = 1,883, and NM = 1,089 d Sample size for analyses in identity context: NAll = 2,038, NF = 1,307, and NM = 657 e Sample size for analyses in impersonal context: NAll = 2,090, NF = 1,302, and NM = 712
`
Figure S2.1 Example of Significant Interaction from Regression Analyses
