uniform bubble size (Finch & Dobby 1990, Zhou at al. 1991, Adel at al. 1991, Bayrak & ToroÄlu. 1999, Demir at al. 2008). According to literature survey, there is ...
Proceedings of
9 788682 673101
Belgrade, Serbia, June 17-19, 2015
XVI BALKAN INERAL PROCESSING CONGRESS
ISBN 978-86-82673-10-1
55 years of Mining Institute Belgrade
70 years of Faculty of Mining and Geology University of Belgrade
Mining Institute Belgrade
Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia
Proceedings of
XVI BALKAN MINERAL PROCESSING CONGRESS Belgrade, Serbia, June 17-19, 2015
VOLUME I VOLUME
I
University of Belgrade
Edited by Nadežda Ćalić, Ljubiša Andrić, Igor Miljanović, Ivana Simović
ISBN: ISBN 978-86-82673-10-1 (MI) CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 622.7(082) BALKAN Mineral Processing Congress (16th ; 2015 ; Belgrade) Proceedings of XVI Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, Belgrade, Serbia, June 17-19, 2015. Vol. 1 / [congress organizers] Mining Institute Belgrade [and] Academy of Engineering Science of Serbia [and] University of Belgrade ; edited by Nadežda Ćalić ... [et al.]. - Belgrade : Mining Institute : Academy of Engineering Science of Serbia : University of Belgrade, 2015 (Belgrade : Colorgrafx). - VII, 589 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm Tiraž 300. - Str. VII: Foreword / Nadežda Ćalić. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Registar. ISBN 978-86-82673-10-1 (MI) 1. Ćalić, Nadežda [уредник] [аутор додатног текста] 2. Mining Institute (Belgrade) a) Руде - Припрема - Зборници COBISS.SR-ID 215731468
Copyright ©: Mining Institute Belgrade, Academy of Engineering Science of Serbia, University of Belgrade. II
XVI BALKAN MINERAL PROCESSING CONGRESS HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE MINISTRY OF MINING AND ENERGY, AND FINANCIALLY SUPPORTED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
SPONSORS: GENERAL SPONSOR
GOLDEN SPONSORS
SILVER SPONSOR
BRONZE SPONSOR
III
BMPC International Scientific Committee President: Prof. Dr. Güven Önal, Turkey
Vice President: Prof. Dr. Ljubiša Andrić, Serbia Members: Prof. Dr. Gülhan Őzbayoğlu, Turkey Prof. Dr. Neşet Acarkan, Turkey Prof. Dr. Georgios Anastassakis, Greece Prof. Dr. Ivan Nishkov, Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Dessislava Kostova, Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Sanda Krausz, Romania Dr. Eng. Viorica Ciocan, Romania Prof. Dr. Nadežda Ćalić, Serbia Prof. Dr. Genç Demi, Albania Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kimet Fetahu, Albania Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nedžad Alić, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dipl. Eng. Miroslav Glušac, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prof. Dr. Boris Krstev, FYR Macedonia Dipl. Eng. Boris Fidancev, FYR Macedonia Prof. Dr Shyqri Kelmendi, coreponding member Honorary members: Prof. Dr. Nadejda Davcheva-Ilcheva, Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Paraschiv Ilie, Romania Prof. Dr. Zeki Douğan, Turkey Prof. Dr. Suna Atak, Turkey Prof. Dr. Dušan Salatic, Serbia
V
XVI BMPC Organizing Committee President: Prof. Dr. Nadežda Ćalić, Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia Vice Presidents: Prof. Dr. Ljubiša Andrić, Institute for Technology of Nuclear and other Mineral Raw Materials-ITNMS, and Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia Dipl. Eng. Ivana Simović, Mining institute Belgrade Prof. Dr. Igor Miljanović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology Members: Dipl. Eng. Kostović Nebojša, Mining institute Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Pavle Stjepanović, Mining institute Belgrade Dr. Dragan Radulović, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Nenad Milojković, Mining institute Belgrade Dr. Vladan Milošević, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Klara Konc Janković, Mining institute Belgrade Mr. Dejan Todorović ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Dejan Lazić, Mining institute Belgrade Dr. Milan Petrov, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Jelena Čarapić, ITNMS Belgrade Dr. Slavica Mihajlović, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Ljubiša Spasić, Coal Basin Kolubara Mr. Vladimir Jovanović, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Slavko Slipčević, Power Plants and Mines Kostolac Dr. Jovica Sokolović, University of Belgrade, Technical faculty at Bor Mr. Zoran Bartulović, ITNMS Belgrade Dr. Dragan Milanović, Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor Dipl. Eng. Branislav Ivošević, ITNMS Belgrade Mr. Dejan Antić, University of Belgrade, Technical faculty at Bor Dr. Zoran Stevanović, Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor Dipl. Eng. Maja Trumić, University of Belgrade, Technical faculty at Bor Dr. Miroslav Ignjatović, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia XVI BMPC Scientific Committee
Honorary members:
Prof. Dr. Predrag Lazić Prof. Dr. Milena Kostović Prof. Dr. Zoran Marković Prof. Dr. Milan Trumić Prof. Dr. Grozdanka Bogdanović Prof. Dr. Rodoljub Stanojlović
Prof. Dr. Dragiša Draškić Prof. Dr. Dušan Salatić Prof. Dr. Stevan Puštrić Prof. Dr. Jovo Pavlica Prof. Dr. Slaven Deušić Prof. Dr. Siniša Milošević Prof. Dr. Nedeljko Magdalinović Prof. Dr. Milorad Grujić
VI
ISBN: ISBN 978-86-82673-10-1 (MI) CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 622.7(082) BALKAN Mineral Processing Congress (16th ; 2015 ; Belgrade) Proceedings of XVI Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, Belgrade, Serbia, June 17-19, 2015. Vol. 1 / [congress organizers] Mining Institute Belgrade [and] Academy of Engineering Science of Serbia [and] University of Belgrade ; edited by Nadežda Ćalić ... [et al.]. - Belgrade : Mining Institute : Academy of Engineering Science of Serbia : University of Belgrade, 2015 (Belgrade : Colorgrafx). - VII, 589 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm Tiraž 300. - Str. VII: Foreword / Nadežda Ćalić. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Registar. ISBN 978-86-82673-10-1 (MI) 1. Ćalić, Nadežda [уредник] [аутор додатног текста] 2. Mining Institute (Belgrade) a) Руде - Припрема - Зборници COBISS.SR-ID 215731468
Copyright ©: Mining Institute Belgrade, Academy of Engineering Science of Serbia, University of Belgrade. II
XVI BALKAN MINERAL PROCESSING CONGRESS HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE MINISTRY OF MINING AND ENERGY, AND FINANCIALLY SUPPORTED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
SPONSORS: GENERAL SPONSOR
GOLDEN SPONSORS
SILVER SPONSOR
BRONZE SPONSOR
III
BMPC International Scientific Committee President: Prof. Dr. Güven Önal, Turkey
Vice President: Prof. Dr. Ljubiša Andrić, Serbia Members: Prof. Dr. Gülhan Őzbayoğlu, Turkey Prof. Dr. Neşet Acarkan, Turkey Prof. Dr. Georgios Anastassakis, Greece Prof. Dr. Ivan Nishkov, Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Dessislava Kostova, Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Sanda Krausz, Romania Dr. Eng. Viorica Ciocan, Romania Prof. Dr. Nadežda Ćalić, Serbia Prof. Dr. Genç Demi, Albania Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kimet Fetahu, Albania Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nedžad Alić, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dipl. Eng. Miroslav Glušac, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prof. Dr. Boris Krstev, FYR Macedonia Dipl. Eng. Boris Fidancev, FYR Macedonia Prof. Dr Shyqri Kelmendi, coreponding member Honorary members: Prof. Dr. Nadejda Davcheva-Ilcheva, Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Paraschiv Ilie, Romania Prof. Dr. Zeki Douğan, Turkey Prof. Dr. Suna Atak, Turkey Prof. Dr. Dušan Salatic, Serbia
V
XVI BMPC Organizing Committee President: Prof. Dr. Nadežda Ćalić, Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia Vice Presidents: Prof. Dr. Ljubiša Andrić, Institute for Technology of Nuclear and other Mineral Raw Materials-ITNMS, and Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia Dipl. Eng. Ivana Simović, Mining institute Belgrade Prof. Dr. Igor Miljanović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology Members: Dipl. Eng. Kostović Nebojša, Mining institute Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Pavle Stjepanović, Mining institute Belgrade Dr. Dragan Radulović, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Nenad Milojković, Mining institute Belgrade Dr. Vladan Milošević, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Klara Konc Janković, Mining institute Belgrade Mr. Dejan Todorović ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Dejan Lazić, Mining institute Belgrade Dr. Milan Petrov, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Jelena Čarapić, ITNMS Belgrade Dr. Slavica Mihajlović, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Ljubiša Spasić, Coal Basin Kolubara Mr. Vladimir Jovanović, ITNMS Belgrade Dipl. Eng. Slavko Slipčević, Power Plants and Mines Kostolac Dr. Jovica Sokolović, University of Belgrade, Technical faculty at Bor Mr. Zoran Bartulović, ITNMS Belgrade Dr. Dragan Milanović, Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor Dipl. Eng. Branislav Ivošević, ITNMS Belgrade Mr. Dejan Antić, University of Belgrade, Technical faculty at Bor Dr. Zoran Stevanović, Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor Dipl. Eng. Maja Trumić, University of Belgrade, Technical faculty at Bor Dr. Miroslav Ignjatović, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia XVI BMPC Scientific Committee
Honorary members:
Prof. Dr. Predrag Lazić Prof. Dr. Milena Kostović Prof. Dr. Zoran Marković Prof. Dr. Milan Trumić Prof. Dr. Grozdanka Bogdanović Prof. Dr. Rodoljub Stanojlović
Prof. Dr. Dragiša Draškić Prof. Dr. Dušan Salatić Prof. Dr. Stevan Puštrić Prof. Dr. Jovo Pavlica Prof. Dr. Slaven Deušić Prof. Dr. Siniša Milošević Prof. Dr. Nedeljko Magdalinović Prof. Dr. Milorad Grujić
VI
Foreword
Practically, all human societies depend on the availability and use of mined products. Mining and mineral processing has played a vital part in the history and economy of the Balkans. In the world, mineral processing was an art till the 1920s, when it started to become a science. The achievements of fundamental science enabled the explanation of phenomena in the processes of mineral processing, or they started from fundamental science to come to an appropriate solution in mineral processing. In many respects mineral processing becomes fundamental science. Balkan countries have more or less rapidly accepted innovations in the field of mining and mineral processing. Generations of professionals from Balkan trained on the tradition of mining schools, afterward universities, (Schemnitz established 1702, Jachimov 1716, Banska Štiavnica 1725, Jekatarinburg 1730, L' Ecole Polytechnique 1794 in Paris, Politehnika in Prague, and certainly the most famous Bergakademie Freiberg founded in 1765, and much later, universities in the United States and Soviet Union) contributed to today's level of development of mineral processing, and contributed to the quality of studies of mineral processing, both in the world, and so in the Balkans. After the Second World War in the Balkans a large number of universities, faculty, institutes and laboratories of mining industry with special departments for mineral processing were opened. In many Balkan countries remarkable impact on development of mineral processing had Russian and American schools. A great number of researchers and specialists in Balkan area were occupied for more decades by the research in mineral processing. The goal of this research was establishment of concentration process in industry, capacity enlargement, optimization of processes, increase the energy efficiency of processes and devices, introduction or construction of new machines. Based on those activities, Balkan mining has been evolving and continuously operates up to nowadays. As a result, in the Balkan countries appeared a significant number of successful researchers in the field of mineral processing. They founded the first Balkan mineral processing Committee (1973), and then the Balkan Academy of Mineral Technology. Balkan Congress on Mineral Processing is beening held for 40 years. Participation in the work of the Committee of the Balkan mineral processing is a strong link between the development of the science and profession with global trends, and it provides the possibility of establishing direct contacts between researchers, designers, equipment manufacturers and investors from the region and around the world. It has already become tradition to hold every second year an international event, "Balkan Mineral Processing Congress," in which participate, not only Balkan experts, than experts from the whole world. Maintenance XVI Balkan Congress on Mineral Processing in Belgrade from 16 to 21 June 2015 is held under the auspices of the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Serbia, with the financial assistance of the Ministry of Republic of Serbia. Incomparably greater financial support Congress had from sponsors who strongly support the mineral processing industry all over the world.
Prof. dr Nadežda Ćalić The XVI BMPC Chair
VII
elias stamboliadis, fuat kivrakoglu, meryem Nur tumbaz, george patsalis, NeW DeVelopmeNts iN mAgNetic sepArAtioN s mohammadnejad, m Noaparast, s Z shafaei tonkaboni, y olyaei, h haghi, s m hosseini, the ApplicAtioN of shAkiNg tAble for scheelite eNrichmeNt from NeZAm-AbAD miNe usiNg box-behNkeN DesigN khalil Al rawashdah, sudgi Al hamad, coNceNtrAtioN of ZircoN, moNoZit from JorDANiAN blAck sAND usiNg grAVity, mAgNAtic process İbrahim utku ermiş, coNceNtrAtioN of AyDiN-çiNe regioN felDspAr With high grADe rutile ViA multi grAVity sepArAtor
291
299 305 309
FLOTATION AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY PROCESSES elena chanturiya, About iNterrelAtioN of compositioNAl, texturAl, electricAl, electrochemicAl AND the floAtAtioN properties of NAturAl pyrite of copper-ZiNc sulfiDes ores 315 V i ryaboy, e D shepeta, V p kretov, s e levkovets, i V ryaboy, iNflueNce of the surfAce-ActiVe properties of the re-AgeNts coNtAiNiNg soDium DiAlkylDithiophosphAtes oN the flotAtioN of sulfiDes 321 p m solozhenkin, sanda krausz, moDifieD fAtty AciDs As flotAtioN reAgeNts for NoN-sulfiDe ores: moleculAr moDeliNg for progNosis of collector ActiVity eVAluAtioN 327 Vladislava ignatkina , Vladimir bocharov, lily khachatryan, selectiVe reAgeNt regimes AND floWsheet of flotAtioN tecNology of fiNely DissemiNAteD ores of NoN-ferrous metAls 333 sabri kouachi, Ahmad hassanzadeh, moustapha bouhenguel, behzad V hassas, mehmet s çelik, coNtributioN of iNterceptioNAl effect to the cAlculAtioN of 339 collisioN efficieNcy of pArticle bubble eNcouNter iN flotAtioN Valentina ivanova, galina mitrofanova, flotAtioN of euDiAlite: correlAtioN of experimeNtAl DAtA With the results of quANtum-chemicAl cAlculAtioNs 347 Vladislava ignatkina, fillip milovich, Alexander pankin, use of sulfhyDryl collectors to iNcreAse the coNtrAst of flotAtioN properties of sulfiDe miNerAls 353 Ali uçar, osman Ö taş, oktay Şahbaz, bahri Öteyaka, effects of biAs fActor AND gAs Velocity oN columN flotAtioN of colemANite 359 A e yüce, g bulut, b even, o güven, flotAtioN results AccurAcy: the right miNerAlogy, liberAtioN siZe AND process pArAmeters 365 fırat burat, mustafa Özer, beste Aydin, güven Önal, beNeficiAtioN of oxiDiZeD371 sulfiDiZeD complex copper ore by flotAtioN AND leAchiNg Dragan milanovic, Zoran s markovic, Daniela urosevic, srdjana magdalinovic, Zoran stirbanovic iNflueNce of bAsic AND AciDic ph regulAtors oN the sheelite ZetA poteNtiAl 377 hidayet çalişkan, behzad V hassas, mustafa çinar, mehmet s çelik, effect of roughNess AND shApe fActor oN flotAtioN recoVeries of glAss beADs 385 Daniela urošević, Zoran s marković, Dragan milanović, srđana magdalinović, mile Dimitrijević, Zoran Štirbanović, ljubiša Andrić, meAsuriNg of electrokiNetic-ZetA poteNtiAl iN the suspeNsioN formeD from smeltiNg slAg 391 blagica cekova,Viktorija bezovska,filip Jovanovski, A stuDy oN the ADsorptioN properties of the NAturAl Zeofit mAteriAl 399 medyanik N l, girevaya k y , shevelin i yu, girevoi t A , refiNiNg of miNerAliZeD process WAters by ioNic flotAtioN methoD 403 carlos castañeda olivera, Antonio gutiérrez merma, leonardo maurício torem, fuNDAmeNtAl Aspects of the bioflotAtioN of hemAtite usiNg the Rhodococcus eRythRopolis bActeriA 407 elaynne rohem peçanha, marisa bezerra de melo monte, maurício leonardo torem, oN the fuNDAmeNtAl Aspects of hemAtite bioflotAtioN usiNg A grAm-positiVe bAcillus subtilis strAiN As A bioreAgeNt 415
Ali Uçar1, Oktay Şahbaz*1, Osman Ö. Taş1, Bahri Öteyaka2 1
Department of Mining Engineering, Dumlupinar University, 43270, Kutahya, Turkey Department of Mining Engineering, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
2
Keywrods: Column flotation, colemanite tailings,
INTRODUCTION Colemanite (Ca2B6O11.5H2O), which is a hydrated semi-soluble salt mineral (Koca and Savaş, 2004), is one of the most important commercial boron mineral (Özdemir and Çelik, 2010). Although Kutahya-Turkey has 50% of total colemanite reserves (Eti Maden 2009), tailing discharged to the ponds contains more than 25% B2O3 is an important economical loss and causes environmental problems. Therefore; evaluation of this tailing was the subject of the several studies (Yarar 1971, Ozkan & Veasey 1994, Ozkan & Veasey 1996, Gul at. Al. 2006). As a major source of boron, colemanite is found in massive beds with other calcium containing mineral such as calcite, gypsum and a variety of clays (Uçar and Yargan, 2009). Removal of these calcium containing minerals increases the commercial price of the colemanite. In Turkey a process including scrubbing, washing and classification following the size reduction step is utilized to beneficiate colemanite to make it more commercial. However, a part of colemanite having particle size of smaller than 3 mm is discharging to the tailing pond with the B2O3 content of 26%. One of the most useful methods for recycling of the colemanite from the tailing is the froth flotation. It is an important method which is used for fine grained and low grade of ore. It is necessary to take into a consideration of some operational parameters to supply concentrate having high grade. In addition some device parameters are important depending on the type of flotation devices.
XVI BMP Congress
There are many different types of flotation devices which are used mineral and coal flotation. Flotation column is a one of the device to use especially the beneficiation of the fine particles. It has many advantages over the classical Denver cell such as low capital cost and maintenance cost, higher selectivity, uniform bubble size (Finch & Dobby 1990, Zhou at al. 1991, Adel at al. 1991, Bayrak & Toroğlu 1999, Demir at al. 2008). According to literature survey, there is not any study performed for the beneficiation of colemanite tailings by the use of flotation columns. The main aim of this study is to concentration of boron minerals in the tailing of boron washery to prevent both economical lost and environmental damage. The flotation column was firstly used for beneficiation of colemanite in the study. The first part of the study was presented in International Balkan Mineral Processing Congress (BMPC) held in 2013. The first part of the study includes effect of reactive, such as collector, frother and depressant, on colemanite flotation by the use of flotation column. According to these results, optimum amount of reactive supply high quality of concentrate that can be sold to boric acid factory (Uçar et al, 2013). However, effect of operational parameters on column flotation of colemanite is the important point to delineate the column flotation of colemanite tailings.
359
Section 5
Abstract: Fine grained tailing of Emet Boron Concentrator (Kutahya/Turkey) has been discharged to the slurry pond. The tailing discharged is not only an economical loss, but also an environmental problem. The B2O3 content of the tailing is about 26% and therefore, it is regarded as a valuable boron source to beneficiate which necessitates the determination of suitable method/methods to recycle these tailings. In this study, a column flotation technique was utilized to recycle this colemanite tailing after scrubbing-classification process. The effect of some operational parameters, such as bias factor and superficial gas velocity, were investigated on column flotation of colemanite in terms of recovery and grade. According to the results, the concentrate having nearly 45% B2O3 with a recovery of 99% was obtained from the sample with 26% B2O3 using the flotation column. A total grade was obtained as about 43% B2O3 with a recovery of 94% by both scrubbing-classification and flotation processes.
EXPERIMENTAL The sample was obtained from the fine (-3 mm) tailings of Eti-boron Espey Concentrator in Kutahya/Turkey. Amount of sample was reduced by cone and quarter method and representative samples were stored for the flotation experiments. d80 of the sample is about 0,388 mm as seen in Figure 1. Chemical analyses of the sample was performed by using the ARL Brand 8680 XRF (Table 1).
The chemicals used in the flotation experiments were depressant (corn starch), collector (Cytec’s R801) and frother (MIBC) that were determined by literature survey (Uçar and Yargan, 2009). Tab water was utilized for the entire test.
METHOD In this study, flotation column (Figure 2) was utilized for recycling of the colemanite tailings. The column had 523 cm height and 6 cm diameter. The column was Plexiglas made transparent and having flow meters to measure feed and tailing rate. Wash water
100 cm Concantre
h=600 cm =6 cm
Figure 1. Particle size and B2O3 content of the sample
Peristaltic pomp Wash water tank
Feed
Mixing tank
Peristaltic pomp
Air Compresor
Sample was subjected to the scrubbing and classification for enrichment and high grade concentrate (40% B2O3) was obtained for the particles having size coarser than 0.15 mm. It was found that the fine fraction with the size of 0.038 mm had not high colemanite content and it was removed before the experiment to prevent slime coating. Slime (-0,038 mm) was removed from the sample due to adhesion of negatively charged clay minerals on the positively charged colemanite surface. Thus the remained part (0.15+0.038 mm) which had 36.8% B2O3 content stored for the flotation experiments. Table 1. Chemical analyses of sample
Content B2O3 CO2 F Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl K2O CaO
360
Amount(%) 26,3 11,3 0,842 0,191 6,29 8,3 25,7 0,128 0,953 0,0196 2,38 13
Content TiO2 Cr2O3 MnO Fe2O3 NiO ZnO As2O3 Rb2O SrO Cs2O BaO PbO Total
Amount ( %) 0,33 0,0146 0,0985 2,85 0,0102 0,0099 0,448 0,0472 0,612 0,113 0,0635 0,0052 100
Flowmeter
Tail
Filter regulator
Peristaltic pomp
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of flotation column
FLOTATION EXPERIMENTS Flotation is a method which utilized the surface characteristics of minerals. Therefore; physicochemical surface properties of the colemanite must be known. One of the important characteristics is zeta potential of the colemanite and gangue minerals. Zero point of charge of colemanite was determined as pH 10.2 (Uçar & Yargan 2009, Yarar 1973, Çelik at al. 2002). The flotation of colemanite is generally perfomed at the pH of 9 by the use of sulphonates due to its tampon behavior (Gül at al. 2006, Kaytaz at al. 1986, Yarar 1973). Flotation test were performed as single stage and open circuit. Parameters and their values are given below: Frother amount (Qf) : 20 ppm Depressant amount (Qd) : 600 g/Mg Collector amount (Qc) : 2500 g/Mg Solid ratio (%S) : 10% Conditioning time : 2+5 min
XVI BMP Congress
Superficial tailing velocity (Jt) :1.02 cm/s Superficial feed velocity (Jf) : 1 cm/s Superficial wash water velocity (Jww) : 0.2 cm/s Bias factor (JB) : 0.1; 0.3; 0.9 Superficial air velocity (Ja) : 0.5; 1; 1.5 cm/sn
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
is too hard under the condition of wash water feeding and intensive froth zone occurrence. The figure 3 shows that the decrease in the rate of positive bias factor supplies better flotation in terms of recovery. The floating product having 43.4% B2O3 with the recovery of 98.81% was obtained by the use of +0.1 bias factor that was low enough.
In this study effects of two important parameters such as bias factor (JB) and superficial air velocity (Ja) were examined for the flotation of colemanite recovery.
Bias is the factor affecting to which is defined as the net water flow difference between tailing and feed flow (Finch and Dobby, 1990). Bias factor can be estimated as the ratio of the difference between tailing flow rate and feed flow rate to washing water flow rate as seen in equation 1 (Mohanty and Honaker, 1999). [1] where QA is the flow rate of tailing, QB is flow rate of feed and Qww is the flow rate of wash water. Bias factor, is the parameter, directly related with the selectivity of the flotation because of froth zone formation (Mohanty and Honaker, 1999; Patwardhan and Honaker, 2000). In general, positive bias factor is applied to fine particle flotation to prevent gangue mineral entrainment. On the other hand, negative bias is suggested for the column flotation of coarse particle (Oteyaka, 1995). To determine the effect of bias factor on colemanite flotation of flotation column, the experiments with the positive factors were carried out. Results of these experiments are shown in Figure 3. In these experiments feeding flow was fixed while wash water ratio and tailing flow were changed to supply different bias factor values. Figure 3 includes the results of the flotation experiments carried out in flotation column with positive bias factors. According to the figure, the increase in bias factor causes decrease in colemanite recovery, while there is not significant change in grade of floating part. The reason of the recovery decrease is based on detachment of relatively coarse particle (+100 µm) from thick froth zone resulting from washing water. Thick froth zone acts as a barrier for coarse particles. The levitation of coarse particle
XVI BMP Congress
Figure 3. Effect of Bias Factor on column flotation of colemanite tailing
Effect of superficial gas velocity The superficial gas velocity is the ratio between volumetric gas flow rate and the cross-sectional area of the column cell. It is a parameter related to the gas hold-up with a direct influence on the flotation recovery (Demir et al. 2008, Yianatos 1989, Cao at. al. 2012). The gas hold-up in the collection zone is an important variable which can affect significantly particle residence time and mineral collection specifically encountering (Oteyaka and Soto, 1995). Gas holdup depends on gas rate, bubble diameter, slurry rate, slurry density and bubble loading, among other variables. Fundamental studies have shown the large impact the bubble loading can have upon the gas holdup. Thus, the observed gas holdup, typically about 15%, can possibly increase up to 20-25%, because of the bubble loading. (Yianatos 1989). Gas hold-up also affect hydrodynamic behavior of the cells and it uses to compare the columns having different superficial area. In the light of the above explanation; to determine the effect of superficial gas velocity was investigated in the range from 0.5 to 2.5 cm/s. The results are shown in Figure 4. According to Figure 4, grade values start to decrease after the degree of superficial gas velocity of 1 cm/s, while there is not significant change in recovery. Because, gas hold-up and bubble size may increase with the superficial
361
Section 5
Effect of bias factor
gas velocity. The increase of bubble size may cause the increase of bubble velocity causing the micro-turbulence. The bigger the bubble size, the smaller the surface area and higher the micro-turbulence that are the main reasons of detachment. In addition, hydraulic entrainment increases with the bubble movement and it is the reason for decrease of the concentrate grade.
were obtained as 43.12% B2O3 with the recovery of 93.46% by both scrubbingclassification and flotation. According to study, the most convenient level of the parameters was found as below.
• • • • • • • • •
Qbas: 600 g/t QT: 2500 g/t QK: 60 ppm Ja : 1.02 cm/sn Jb : 1 cm/sn JB : 0.1 Jh : 0.5 cm/sn (%10-15 hold-up) Jys : 0.2 cm/sn % K: 10
Suggestions: While positive bias factor can be used for the particle size smaller than 100 μm without slime problem, the negative bias factor can be applied to particles having size of +100 μm. Further study is necessary to beneficiate the particles having the size of -38 μm. Figure 4. Effect of superficial gas velocity on column flotation of colemanite tailings
In the light of above explanation, it was figured out that the suitable flotation condition was obtained with the gas velocity of 1 cm/s. Because of the economical points of view, 0.5 cm/s was chosen as the most suitable superficial gas velocity for this study. The holdup value of 10-15% resulting from the 0.5 m/s superficial gas velocity is very suitable for coarse particle flotation in the column (Oteyaka and Soto, 1995). By this value of superficial gas velocity, the concentrate having 45.9% B2O3 was obtained with the recovery of 99.86%. (Tucker at. al. 1991, Sastri 1998, Yianatos, 1989)
CONCLUSION In the study, effect of some operational parameters on column flotation of colemanite tailing was investigated. The tailing sample was subjected to scrubbing and screening, and then a fraction of -150+38 micrometer was beneficiated by the use of flotation column. As a result, colemanite tailing was firstly beneficiated with high performance by the use of flotation column. The concentrate having nearly 45% B2O3 with the recovery of 99% was obtained from the sample having 26% B2O3 by using the flotation column. A total grade and recovery
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And possible usage areas of tailing of flotation should be investigated.
Acknowledgements Authors kindly acknowledge that the vice manager of ETİ Mine Emet Dr. Mehmet Savaş and his workers their help during the study.
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Maden, 2009, Stratejik Plan (2009-2013), www.etimaden.gov.tr, Türkiye, 90p. Finch, J.A. and Dobby, G.S., 1990, Column Flotation, Pergamon Press Oxford, 180p. Gul, A., Kaytaz, Y. and Onal, G., Beneficiation of colemanite tailings by attrition and flotation, Minerals Engineering 19 (2006) 368–369. Kaytaz, Y., Önal G., Güney A., 1986, Bigadiç kolemanit artıklarının değerlendirilmesi, 1. Uluslararası Cevher Hazırlama Sempozyumu, cilt 1, İzmir, 237-249. Koca, S. and Savaş, M., 2004, Contact angle measurements at the colemanite and realgar surfaces, Applied Surface Science, Volume 225, Issues 1–4, 30 March, Pages 347-355. Mohanty, M.K. and Honaker, R.Q., 1999. Performance optimization of Jameson Flotation Technology for finecoal cleaning. Minerals Engineering, vol.12, No.4, s 367-381. Öteyaka, B. ve Soto, H. 1995. Modelling of Negative Bias for Column Coarse Particles Flotation, Mineral Engineering, Vol.8, 91-100 Öteyaka, B., 1995, Modelisation D’une Colonne De Flottation Sans Zone D’ecume Pour La Separation Des ParticulesGrossieres, Ph. D. Thesis, Universite Laval, Quebec, Kanada. Özdemir, O. and Çelik, M. S., Surface Properties and Flotation Characteristics of Boron Minerals, The Open Mineral Processing Journal, 2010, 3, 2-13 Ozkan, S.G. and Veasey, T.J., Effect of simultaneous ultrasonic treatment on colemanite flotation. Changing scopes in mineral processing, in: M. Kemal, V. Arslan, A. Akar, M. Canbazoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Mineral Processing Symposium, Balkema, Kus， adası, Turkiye, 1996, pp. 277–281. Özkan, S.G. and Veasey, T.J., The effect of slime coatings on colemanite flotation. Progress in mineral processing technology, in: H. Demirel, S. Ersayın (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Mineral Processing Symposium, Balkema, Cappodocia, Turkiye, 1994, pp. 205– 210.
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Section 5
Eti
