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[2] Zebarth Bernie, Karemangingo Charles, Scott Peter Savoie,. Moreau, Gilles (2007) Nitrogen management for potato: General fe. Recommendations,. GHG.
IJAS International Journal of Agriculture S c i e n c e s ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, 0975 Volume 7, Issue 12,2015, pp.-785-787. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217

YIELDS, NUTRIENT AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMICS OF POTATO VARIETY KUFRI SURYA AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS CHONGTHAM S.K.1*, PATEL R.N.1, PATEL J.K.1, PATEL C.K.2, PATEL DIPAK H.3, PATEL C.R.4 AND ZAPADIYA D.M.4 1,3,4 Potato

Research Station, SDAU, Deesa (Gujarat) – 355 535 of Agriculture, NAU, Baruch (Gujarat) – 395 007 *Corresponding E-mail: [email protected] 2College

Received: October 12, 2015; Revised: October 15, 2015; Accepted: November 02, 2015 Abstract- A field investigation on effect of nitrogen levels on potato variety Kufri Surya was conducted at Potato Research Station, SD SDAU, Deesa, Gujarat during rabi for three years (2011-12, 2012-13 and 2014-15). Results indicated that application of 150 kg N/ha improved tuber yield and crop productivity with higher remuneration and efficient use of phosphorus, potassium and water. However agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen decreased with subsequent increase in nitrogen levels. Key words- Agronomic use efficiency, Crop productivity, Nitrogen, Tuber yield Citation: Chongtham S.K., et al., (2015) Yields, Nutrient and a Water Use Efficiency and Economics off Potato Variety Kufri Surya as Influenced by Different Nitrogen Levels. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 3710 & E-ISSN: E 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 12, pp.-785-787. Copyright: Copyright©2015 Chongtham S.K., et al., This is an open-access open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most important non-cereal non food crops of the world, has been aptly addressed as a “Future Food Crop” by Food and Agriculture Organization due to its tremendous potential of producing highest food, energy and protein per unit area and time [1]. 1]. At global level, India ranks third in terms of area and second in terms of production after China. For sustaining higher production of potato of good quality, there is need of balance nitrogen (N) supply to plant. Excessive addition of N promotes vigorous vigor vegetative growth in potato and thus reduces its yield and quality of the tuber [2], while increasing production cost and environmental pollution. Also, sub-optimal sub dose of N to potato may lead to premature senescence in plants due to early mobilisationn of N from leaves to tubers [3]. So, it becomes obligatory to know the N demands in potato crop for economical production while minimizing negative effects on environmental problems due to leaching and runoff. Dobermann [4] opined that improvement in fertilizer tilizer N use efficiency in agricultural systems could be one of the mitigating measures for reducing environmental pollution. Kufri Surya, a newly released heat tolerant variety by Central Potato Research Station, Shimla (India), is a promising variety for or sustaining high potato production at advent of global warming. As a new variety its nitrogen demand needs to be assessed for different agro-climatic climatic conditions. So, the present investigation was planned to find out the response of Kufri Surya on growth, yield, nutrient and water use efficiencies and economics. Materials And Methods Field experiments were conducted at Potato Research Station, SDAU, Deesa, Gujarat during rabi for three years (2011-12, 2012-13 13 and 2014-15) 2014 to evaluate N requirement of potato ato variety on Kufri Surya. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon (0.33%), available nitrogen (178.12 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (15.20 kg P/ha) and available potassium (235.11 kg K2O/ha). Five treatments on N levels namely 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N/ha were laid out in randomized block design and replicated four times. Recommended doses of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for potato crop are 140-275 kg P2O5-K2O/ha using, respectively.

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Well sprouted seed tubers of potato variety Kufri Surya at the rate of 3000 kg/ha were planted at the second week of November with spacing of 50 cm x 20 cm, during all years of experimentation. Sources of N, P and K were ammonium sulphate and urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. 50% of N dose was applied through ammonium sulphate at the time of planting and remaining N dose as top dressing at 30 days after planting (DAP) during earthing up. Recommended package of practices were ffollowed for management of potato crop. In situ green manuring of sunnhemp ((Crotolaria juncea) was done in soil prior to potato planting. A total amount of 14 irrigations were given (total irrigation water applied 700 mm), at 66-7 days intervals during the cropping season. Various biometric observations- plant emergence at 30 DAP, plant height and number of shoots/plant at 50 DAP and tuber yields yields- 0-25 g, 25-50 g, 50-75 g and >75 g grade and total tuber yield. Crop productivity was calculated by using formu formula: Crop productivity (kg/ha/day)

=

Total yield (kg/ha) Total crop duration (days)

Total duration of crop was 100 days during all the years of experimentation. Water use efficiency (WUE) was estimated by using formula: WUE =

Total yield (kg/ha) Total amount of irrigation water applied (mm)

Nutrient use efficiency of N, P and K was calculated by using formulae as given by Dobermann [4]: Agronomic N use efficiency (AUEN) Total yield of N applied plot in kg/ha (YN) - Total yield of control plot in kg/ha (Y0) =

N Fertilizer applied in kg/ha (F N)

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 12, 2015

785

Yields, Nutrient and nd Water Use Efficiency and Economics of Potato Variety Kufri Surya as Influenced byy Different Nitrogen Levels Partial factor productivity (PFP) of P and K Total yield in kg/ha (Y) =

Fertilizer applied in kg/ha (P, K)

Economics in potato production was calculated using the prevailing market prices of commodities during the period of investigation. Net return was estimated by subtracting total cost of cultivation from gross return. Return per day ( /ha/day) and benefit-cost cost ratio (BCR) was worked out by using the formulae =

Net return ( /ha) Total crop duration (days)

=

Net return ( /ha)

Return per day

Benefit-cost ratio (BCR)

Total cost of cultivation ( /ha)

Three years data were pooled and then subjected to statistical analysis using the software OPSTAT developed by HAU, Hisar..

Results and Discussion Growth attributes Per cent plant emergence in potato varied in range of 90.16 to 92.63 per cent; however, the difference was non-significant significant [Table-1]. This might be attributed to planting of well sprouted healthy seed tubers that provide favorable condition for uniform emergence. Similarly, plant height of potato was not statistically influenced by different levels of N [Table [Table-1]. Highest numbers of shoots per plant (3.798) at 50 DAP was registered under application of 300 kg N/ha, however the difference among treatments was non non-significant [Table-1]. Tuber yields With regard to tuber yields data [Table [Table-1], it can be inferred that tuber yield of potato was significantly influenced by different levels of N, except for 00-25 g grade. Increasingg levels of N reduced tuber yield under 25 25-50 g grade, highest being recorded under 0 kg N/ha, which was statistically at par with 75 kg N/ha. However, in case of 50-75 75 g and >75 g and total tuber yields, increasing levels of N significantly enhanced tuberr yield up to 150 kg N/ha, and highest tuber yields being recorded under 300 kg N/ha. The increment in total tuber yield over control ranged from 27.32- 51.02%, when the N levels were increased from 75 to 300 kg N/ha. Improvement in tuberization as well as extension of tuber bulking duration under higher dose of N could have led to higher yield, but only up to certain levels. In our study, the total tuber yield improved statistically only up to 150 kg N/ha, which corroborated the findings of Marguerite et al. [5].

Table-1 Growth and tuber yields of potato as influenced by different levels of N in potato Treatment

Plant emergence (%) at 30 DAP

Plant height (cm) at 50 DAP

No. of shoots/plant at 50 DAP

Tuber yield (t/ha) 0-25g

25-50g

50 50-75g

>75g

Total

0 kg N/ha

92.13

34.32

3.98

1.42

4.84

9.16

11.05

26.46

75 kg N/ha 150 kg N/ha 225 kg N/ha 300 kg N/ha SEm C.D. (P=0.05)

93.30 92.45 93.33 92.79 0.80 NS

33.88 35.41 40.72 36.71 2.58 NS

4.13 3.96 3.38 3.95 0.19 NS

1.59 1.46 1.21 1.18 0.15 NS

4.06 3.28 3.22 4.05 0.31 0.98

10.14 11.26 12.26 12.27 0.52 1.61

17.91 21.76 22.61 22.45 0.88 2.74

33.69 37.77 39.29 39.96 0.89 2.77

Table-2 Crop productivity, nutrient and water use efficiency and economics conomics of each treatment as influenced by different levels of N in potato Treatments

Yield (t/ha)

Crop productivity (kg/ha/day)

AUE N (kg increase in total yield/kg of fertilizer applied)

PFP (kg of total yield/kg of fertilizer applied) P

K

WUE (kg total yield/ mm of irrigation water applied)

Net returns ( /ha)

Return per day ( /ha/day)

BCR

0 kg N/ha

26.46

249.63

-

189.01

96.22

37.80

4.55

429.15

0.55

75 kg N/ha

33.69

317.85

96.41

240.66

122.52

48.13

7.87

741.76

0.93

150 kg N/ha

37.77

356.29

75.38

269.77

137.34

53.95

9.65

910.49

1.12

225 kg N/ha

39.29

370.70

57.04

280.67

142.89

56.13

10.21

963.04

1.16

300 kg N/ha

39.96

376.95

44.98

285.40

145.30

57.08

10.35

976.12

1.15

SEm

-

8.40

-

-

-

1.27

0.43

40.57

0.05

C.D. (P=0.05)

-

26.15

-

-

-

3.96

1.34

126.40

0.15

Nutrient and water use efficiency Perusal of the data presented in [Table-2] showed that agronomic N use efficiency (AUEN) of the crop decreased with subsequent increase in levels of N, lowest being recorded at 300 kg N/ha. Jatav et al. [6] observed observe similar findings, in which lowest value of AUEN was recorded at 240 kg N/ha for various potato varieties including Kufri Surya. On the contrary, partial factor productivity (PFP) of

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P and K increased with increasing level of N, their maximum values (258. (258.57 and 131.64, respectively) being registered under 300 kg N/ha [Table-2]. This shows the positive correlations between higher N levels and utilization of P and K by potato crop. There have been reports of positive correlation of N with P [7] and K [8] in plants. Fageria and Baligar [9] found improvement in yield of dry bean due to addition of N as a result of positive interaction between N and other nutrients

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Chongtham S.K., Patel R.N., Patel J.K., Patel C.K., Patel Dipak H., Patel C.R. and Zapadiya D.M. like P and K. Similarly, water use efficiency (WUE) of potato markedly increased to the extent of 150 kg N/ha [Table-2].. Possible reason behind this could be increased tuber yield at higher levels of N. Economics Maximum value of net return ( 103500/ha) was noted under application of 300 kg N/ha, which was statistically at par with 150 and 225 kg N/ha [Table-2]. These could be attributed to highest total tuber yield at application of 300 kg N/ha. Jatav et al. [6] also observed highest income under highest level of N application (240 kg N/ha) in potato. However, significant increment in net return was recorded r up to 150 kg N/ha. Similar trend was also observed in case of return per day and BCR, which increased statistically up to 150 kg N/ha. These could be ascribed to efficient use of water and nutrient under 150 kg N/ha, which ultimately resulted in higher tuber yield and net return. So, it can be concluded that application of 150 kg N/ha in Kufri Surya can be followed for achieving tuber yield and crop productivity along with higher remuneration and efficient use of nutrients and water. This will also ensure prevention for excessive N application, thus reducing chance of environmental pollution. Acknowledgement The authors express their sincere gratitude to AICRP (Potato) (ICAR) for providing financial assistance for the experiment. References [1]

[2]

[3] [4]

[5] [6] [7] [8]

[9]

Anonymous (2014) Souvenir- National Seminar on Emerging Problems of Potato (Eds. B P Singh, Rajesh K Rana, Dalamu, Ravinder Kumar and Dhiraj K Singh), Indian Potato Association. Zebarth Bernie, Karemangingo Charles, Scott Peter Savoie, Daniel Moreau, Gilless (2007) Nitrogen management for potato: General fertilizer Recommendations, GHG taking charge team factsheet. http://www.nbscia.ca/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/potato_general_fact sheet.pdf. Saluzzo Ja, Echeverria H. E., Andrade F. H. and Huarte M. (1999) J. Agron. Crop Sci., 183(3),157-65. Dobermann Achim R (2005) Nitrogen Use Efficiency – State of the Art. Agronomy & Horticulture-Faculty Faculty Publications. Paper 316. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/316.. Marguerite O., Jean-Pierre G. and Jean-Francois Francois L. L (2006) Agron. J.,98,496–506. Jatav M. K., Kumar Manoj, Trehan S. P., Dua V.. K. and Kumar Sushil (2013) Potato J., 40(1), 55-59. Gunes A., Alpaslan M. and Inal A. (1998) J. Plant Nutr., 21(10), 20352047. Brar M. S., Singh Bijay, Bansal S. K. and Srinivasarao Ch (2011) Role of Potassium Nutrition in Nitrogen Use Efficiency cy in Cereals. Research Findings: e-ifc ifc No. 29, December 2011 http://www.ipipotash.org/en/eifc/2011/29/5. Fageria N. K. and Baligar V. C. (2005) Adv. Agron., 88, 97-185.

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International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 12, 2015

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