Erickson,. 1969;. Sea! et a!., 1970), cyc!ohexanone. (Bennett and. Tillotson,. 1969), ..... P. B. HAl. 1983. A technique for capturing and immobilizing tigers. Journal.
Journal
YOHIMBINE
HYDROCHLORIDE
HYDROCHLORIDE
AND XYLAZINE
OF BENGAL
TIGERS
AND
CHEMISTRIES
SERUM
REVERSAL
AND
S. Seal,’
‘Veterans Departments
Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, of Biochemistry, Wildlife, and Ecology,
2
Douglas
Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha,
L. Armstrong,2
Nebraska
68107,
Diseases,
and
23(2),
ON HEMATOLOGY
Lee
G. Simmons2
Minnesota 55417, USA and University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
55108,
Minnesota
glucose,
and
USA
USA
Six bengal tigers (Pan thera tigris tigris) were immobilized five times with ketamine hydrochloride (ketamine) and xy!azine hydrochloride (xylazine) ferent dose levels. Hematology and serum chemistry analyses on blood samples immobilization remained normal during the study. There were acute changes potassium,
pp. 296-300
IMMOBILIZATION
at 2-wk intervals mixtures at difcollected at each in hematocrit,
ABSTRACT:
chloride,
1987,
OF KETAMINE
HYDROCHLORIDE
EFFECTS
Ulysses
of Wildlife
bilirubin
as
a
function
of
xylazine
dose
level.
The
effect
of
hydrochloride in a crossover design of yohimbine resulted
(yohimbine) on the depth and duration of immobilization was evaluated with every animal serving as its own control at each dose. Administration in recovery of the animals within 4-8 mm in contrast to >60 mm with
yohimbine
There
yohimbine
tigers
treatment. did
were
no
adverse
effects
INTRODUCTION
Published mobilization
information of tigers
on the drug includes reports
the use of phencyclidine with promazine (Seal 1970),
and Tillotson, et a!., 1972), (Seal
et
and
a!.,
ranging
in
obs.).
not tice,
to 9 hr. recovery for
commercially as
et a
times
of immobilized
5
hr
of 5-15
available.
ranging lions, is to tranquilizer or with 1978; Herbst et a!.,
for
Current captive
and
and
et a!.,
per
no the
adult hema-
died with profound on prolonged physthe use combination. as
depressant
its successful
(Hatch
mg
anesthesia,
yohimbine the
and
1983;
an
of effective
effects
use
in the
Hsu
and
the The
of
xy-
domestic Lu,
1984)
and several wild species (Jacobson et al., 1985; Mech et a!., 1985; Ramsay et a!., 1985; Kreeger and Seal, 1986a) suggested the study of yohimbine’s effects as an antagonist for xylazine in tigers. METHODS
and The
prolonged, unconare a serious dis-
routine use of chemical of free-ranging tigers. and tiletamine (CI-744)
described
cat
a!.,
averaged
These times
lazine
for
treatment
following xylazine
of
antagonist
with
(Seal
mixture
availability
Free-
captured
1974; Smith of ketamine and Mech, un-
tigers
advantage mobilization phencyc!idine
yohimbmne
that have depression
ical depression ketamine and
(Bennett promazine tigers.
been
Recovery
free-ranging
ranged trollable
captive
have
imon
(Bennett
1969), tiletamine ketamine and
1985)
tigers
of five tigers respiratory
in combination Erickson, 1969;
and
cyc!ohexanone
CI-744 (Seidensticker et a!., 1983) and with acepromazine pub!.
the
exhibit
provided Key words: tology, blood,
et a!.,
with
a relapse over the next 24 hr. Yohimbine at a dose effective reversal of 50-150 mg of xylazine per tiger. Bengal tigers, ketamine, xylazine, yohimbine, immobilization, serum, chemistry, Pant hera tigris tigris.
not
tiger
Sea!
noted
studies
were
performed
Doorly Zoo between January The five female and one male in age from 4 to 7 yr. They
imAlso are
arately perature photoperiod
prac-
in
indoor was
pens,
3
maintained provided
x
7 m. at
by
at
the
Henry
and April 1986. adult tigers ranged were housed sep20-22
outdoor
Building C, light.
temwith
a
They
were fed a commercial feline diet 5 days a week with water available ad libitum. There was no significant change in body weight during the study. The tigers were fasted overnight prior to immobilization but water was available. One of
free-
use ketamine with a xylazine (Bush et al., 1985). We are aware 296
SEAL El AL-REVERSIBLE
1.
TABLE
Immobilization
of Bengal
tigers
with
ketamine
and
Xylazine,
CHEMICAL
xylazine mg/kg
followed
Ketamine
Induction
time
Control
(mm)
recovery
Stimulation
SE
570.0
(mg/animal)
by reversal
Mean
32.0
350.0
P
142.0
6.0
27.4
1.8
25.3
2.5
NS’
0.3
1.0
0
2.6
0.3
1.4
0.2
NS 0.06
1.1
0.001
(mg/animal)
4.5
0.4
13.6
Yohimbine
respons&’
5.0
0.0
5.0
0
Yohimbine
up
8.2
0.4
4.1
1.1
Control Not
up time
60+
(mm)
NS 0.01
60+
significant.
Recovery lateral
(mm)
0.001
1.8
Yohimbine
time
60
of ketadose of
receiving still depressed
followed in contrast mm)
for of
of anesthesia
administration in an increase
within 2 mm, within 4-8 mm
com-
as meareduced 30%
the last injection less at the lower
for the animals but they were Intravenous resulted
for
without
no
yo(Ta-
of
yoof
by full to the the
298
JOURNAL
2.
TABLE in
OF WILDLIFE
Baseline
Bengal
DISEASES,
physiology
tigers
VOL. 23, NO. 2, APRIL 1987
and
immobilized
hematology
with
data
ketamine
and
xy-
lazine.
TABLE 3. ples collected tigers
Assay
Units
n
Mean
SE
Baseline blood 10 mm after
immobilized
with
chemistry induction
data from
ketamine
Assay
and
on 30 samsix Bengal
xylazmne.
Units
Mean
SE
Weight
kg
115.5
1.0
Na
meq/liter
146.8
0.30
Respiration
per
mm
25
12.8
1.8
Cl
meq/liter
122.1
0.50
Pulse Temperature
per mm deg C
25
78.0
1.9
K
meq/liter
23
38.3
0.1
CO2
meq/liter
18.2
0.30
Hemoglobin
g/dl
26
12.1
0.9
Anion
meq/liter
6.6
0.40
Red
106/.d
26
0.5
Osmolality
meq/liter
Hematocrit
vol
26
34.8
2.6
BUN
mg/dl
MCV MCH
fi pg
26 26
56.9 19.8
1.6 0.8
Creatinine
mg/dl
10’/sl
26
10.5
3.1
Glucose
Neutrophils
10/tl
26
7.7
1.9
Serum
Lymphocytes
lfY’/zl
26
1.8
0.9
cells
White
cells
There any
was the
of
study
6
%
no change
animals
(Table
xylazine
in
body
2).
The
after
no
for
dose
level
of
ing
the
xylazmne
of xylazmne hematocnit, rubin and
and
(Table
mg/dl
to
xylazmne
used
mobilization
animal
0.10 0.03
Calcium
mg/dl
10.2
0.10
Phosphorus
mg/dl
5.4
0.10
Cholesterol
mg/dl
225.0
Triglycerides
mg/dl
30.2
Bilirubin
mg/dl
Alkaline
phosphatase
covery
was
there
the
treatment to
>60
with mm
for
spontaneously.
(Hatch
effective
by
were
no
Basedun-
24.2
0.40
230.0
12.30
AST
LU
arousal. hr
the Data
et a!.,
within
antagonist
1983)
allowed from
and
studies
wolves
versa! pressed
state.
There fects
4.70
body
increase and (Table
in bili4).
sistent
with
for
im-
tigers.
Re-
10
mm
in
contrast
of
depression
tigers
on
two
to recover
covery
on
ratory
cats
(Kreeger
and
failure
1986b) indicate that the effect on the catalepsy of ketamine
yohimbmne
anesthesia
is minimal
jection
pro-
piration.
chemistry of xylazmne of
to The
of
and
this
(Symonds, in
drug
in
1976).
one
tiger
The
is a char-
dependent
effect
Crampton, eliminates
1986). the prolonged
use
Use has
of
of
xylazmne
of
severe
characterized
return timing
determine
xyla-
for
of yohimbmne in provided prompt
occasions
following
will
associated are con-
hyperglycemia use
depression
Seal, of yohimbine
it may
blood
smgnmfi-
following
immobilization. mobilized
the
but
minimal,
vomiting
and
ef-
from and
species
(Lucot Yohimbine
adverse
The
reports
dose
of
for
and reto a de-
treatments
following
domestic
tigers
hematology,
data.
glycosunia
zine
indication
changes in blood the higher dose
cant
with
no
yohimbine
weight,
chemistry
of the
immobilization indicate any return
was
of the
and
although
26.5
Observation
following did not
dose
ketamine
animals
0.02
LU
higher
antagonist
six Bengal
observed
2.00
0.4
LU
actenistic
with
3.60
LDH
ex-
affected
acute glucose, in chloride
of these
3.00
3.5
48
an
an
0.60
121.7
g/dl
consistent
was
0.10
9.7
Albumin
duce
DISCUSSION
Yohimbine
0.70
2.5
6.9
One animal 5-8 mm after
(Table 2). not change
3), but
produced potassium, a decrease
and
0.70
23.4
g/dl
immobilized.
not
the study values did
study
differ-
Another Hematology, was
of
297.0
ratio
protein
0.03
immedi-
not collected. times about
changes during line chemistry
of the
rate,
measured were
hematocnit,
BUN/Cr
in
levels
pulse
each xylazine injection. vomited on one occasion. cept
3 mo
significant
animals
Serial data were vomited several
weight
dose
rate, as
the
the two
respiration
temperature
ately
in body
during
produced
ence
6.1
gap
4.0
to the
respiby
spontaneous
of the
treatment last
whether
imre-
ketamine
residual
arrest
reswith in-
ef-
SEAL El AL-REVERSIBLE
TABLE
with
4. Hematology and ketamine and xylazine.
blood
chemistry
assays
dose
Xylazine
,
affected
mg/kg
Hematocrit Chloride
fects
SE
33.9 123.0
0.40 0.60 0.04
36.1 120.7 4.1
2.70
132.4
3.9 114.5
0.4
of
vation, observed. by
ketamine rigidity, This
allowing
Mean
0.02
anesthesia ataxia, response
sufficient
himbine
as
an
valuable
in
time
for
the
to
HERBST,
in
shorter reversing depression unpub!.
8.00
0.001
L.
H.
,
and yohimbine. American Journal of Research 44: 417-423. C. PACKER, AND U. S. SEAL. 1985. of
sociation
Research Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota. We thank D. Brown, D. Cassidy, S. Cundiff, S. Davis, T. Hester, A. Ho!st, M. Junior, D. Morris, R. Rockwell, K. Schultz, K. Socha, and C. Wieser for the
their assistance animals.
in handling
LITERATURE
and
managing
CITED
H. H., AND P. J. TILLOTSON. 1969. Cyclohexanone as an anesthetic for the leopard and Bengal tiger. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 155: 1098. ,F. ZYDECK, AND H. WILSoN. 1972. Tilet-
185:
886-888.
amine
anesthesia
of a Siberian
tiger
and
a lion.
in
juvenile
of the American
African
Veterinary
elephants.
Medical
As-
187: 1195-1198.
T. J., AND U. S. SEAL. 1986a. Immobilization of coyotes with xylazine hydrochlorideketamine hydrochloride and antagonism by yehimbine hydrochloride. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22: 604-606. , AND . 1986b. Failure of yohirnbine hydrochloride to antagonize ketamine hydrochloride immobilization of gray wolves. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22: 600-603. LUCOT, J. B., AND G. H. CRAMPTON. 1986. Xylazmne emesis, yohimbine and motion sickness suscepKREEGER,
tibility
BENNETT,
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 159: 620-621. BUSH, M., R. CUSTER, J. SMELLER, L. M. BUSH, U. S. SEAL, AND H. BARTON. 1978. The acid-base status of lions, Panthera leo, immobilized with four drug combinations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14: 102-109. HATCH, R. C., N. H. BOOTH, J. V. KITZMAN, B. M. WALLNER, AND J. D. CLARK. 1983. Antagonism of ketamine anesthesia in cats by 4-ami-
(Panthera
lions
E. H., J. ALLEN, H. MARTIN, AND G. V. KOLLIAS. 1985. Effects of yohimbine on cornbined xylazine-ketammne-induced sedation and
sociation
supported in part by the Henry the Veterans Administration
free-ranging
JACOBSON,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS was and
4.10 5.88 6.35
