Young Argentines' perception on corruption and ...

Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior

Survey on perception of corruption and civic engagement: Argentina 2014 (November)

UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Researcher: Alejandro M. Estévez, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Research assistant: Tatiana Cuadra Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina November 2014.

November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior Summary of the survey1: 1. The average of corruption in the society, perceived by young people, is 8.36 out of 10 (high). 2. Political parties (8.5 / 10), Police (8.2 / 10), Football Clubs (8.6 / 10) and the judiciary (7.93 / 10) were identified as institutions of high corruption. 3. The lack of an efficient judicial system is perceived as the main cause of corruption (8.3 / 10). 4. Mexico , Paraguay , Brazil and Spain are perceived as highly corrupt countries 5. A shockingly high percentage of young people (27%) feel totally unsafe on the streets. 6. The quality of the education system at the secondary level, it was "postponed"; scored 3.5 out of 10 on the overall perception of young people 7. The quality of public health was evaluated with 4.5 points out of 10. 8. Most young people (68.9%) suggested a functioning democratic political system as the best option available to change the lives of people. 9. A 38.7% of young people felt that it was very difficult to obtain a mortgage credit for their first home. Secondly, 42.9% said it is “very difficult“. It means that 81.6% perceive this problem as difficult to solve. 10. The 23.8% of young people said that in Argentina the rules and laws are not enforced, followed by a 59.6% who believe that the respect for the rules and the law is low. This is a concerning situation, because if we add the two groups, we found that 83.4 % perceived that laws have no actual impact on peoples’ everyday lives. 11. The 29.2 % said that people constantly resort to bribes to avoid fines, penalties or streamline procedures, followed by 59.8 % who think this practice occurs "often. These two trends combined, reach 89%. 12. The four reporters perceived as most reliable by young people are Nelson Castro, Jorge Lanata, Santo Biassati and Reinaldo Sietecase. The two perceived as least reliable are Victor Hugo Morales and Eduardo Feinmann. 13. The three politicians that were perceived as more reliable are Hermes Binner, Martín Lousteau and Sergio Massa. 14. The two most reliable business men would be Marcelo Tinelli and Mario Pergollini. 15. The believed to be the most reliable would be Telefé and La Nacion, while TV Pública and Grupo Clarín are generally seen more unreliable.

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This is an experimental survey conducted during September and October 2014. Their results are extrapolated to sectors of Argentina’s youth of the city of Buenos Aires and it’s conurbation, aged between 18 and 35 years.

November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Perception of corruption ............................................................................................................ 4 2. Corruption in the different institutions ...................................................................................... 5 3. Corruption's causes .................................................................................................................... 6 4. Comparison of levels of corruption in selected countries .......................................................... 7 5. Insecurity’s perception ............................................................................................................... 7 6. Quality of the education system of secondary level ................................................................... 8 7. Lack of appreciation for work as a means of subsistence and improvement of socioeconomic status .............................................................................................................................................. 8 8. Perceptions on public expenditure ............................................................................................. 9 9. Career and professional development ....................................................................................... 9 10. Quality of the work offered to young people ......................................................................... 10 11. Quality of public health .......................................................................................................... 10 12. Quality of public transportation ............................................................................................. 11 13. Possibilities to access to a first home mortgage or loan ......................................................... 11 14. Politic's perception ................................................................................................................. 12 15. Respect for the rules ............................................................................................................... 12 16. Recurrences to illegal practices .............................................................................................. 13 17. Self-‐indulgence level with the tax evasion ............................................................................. 13 18. Perceptions on State’s role ..................................................................................................... 14 Reliable and unreliable in journalists, politics, business men and communication media ..................... 15 19. Reliable and unreliable journalists .......................................................................................... 15 20. Reliable and unreliable politics ............................................................................................... 16 21. Reliable and unreliable businessmen ..................................................................................... 17 22. Reliable and unreliable media ................................................................................................ 18 General conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 19

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Introduction The problem of corruption and civic engagement is a phenomenon in social sciences, which is very difficult to approach and assess for a number of reasons. On one hand, there are no objective measures of corruption; the surveys are conducted, taking into consideration the perceptions of people answering to questions designed for this purpose. However, the public perception of a problem not always matches the reality. Therefore, it is a topic that produces both formal and utilitarian responses simultaneously. In one part of the Argentina’s society an explicit condemnation of corruption can be found, while in another, a certain tolerance exists (there has always been corruption in politics…) and where no major complaints will be raised as long as, an acceptable level of economic activity and employment is maintained. For this study, a survey of 319 young people years was conducted, both male and female, age between 18 and 35, residents in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the Province of Buenos Aires. They were asked about theirs perception of corruption, its problems, consequences and interference in their everyday life. A conclusion about what society thinks about corruption and civic behavior was drawn from the results of this survey. What follows is a synthesis of the questions.

1. Perception of corruption We have asked our interviewed about the level of corruption perceived by them and ask that on a scale of 0-‐10 indicating the degree of existence of bribery in our country, with 0 being the lowest level and 10 the highest. 0

1

2

3

4

0 %

0 %

0 %

0 %

0 %

5

6

2,8%

5,3%

7

8

9

10

NR

11,9% 33,5% 22,9% 23,2% 0,3%

Weighted Average: 8,36

These results indicate that young people in Argentina perceive a high level of corruption. Up to 33.5 % of them have expressed a score of 8 out of 10. In addition 91,5 % of the total population surveyed believes that the level of corruption in the country is at the highest limits between 7 and 10 points of 10. Therefore, the weighted average for this question is equal to 8,36. In the last years, there have been various developments related corruption acts in different areas of Argentina’s everyday life. From the public authorities as well as private companies and nonprofit institutions. This could be one of the major reasons why there is widespread discontent of the country situation regarding this issue. November 2014

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2. Corruption in the different institutions Following the points made above, we consulted the youth of our population on the level of corruption in various organizations, institutions and public services in our country, on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is the minimum level of bribery and 10 maximum. Then we will present the results obtained, sorted according to the average score obtained by all respondents.

Organization

Average

1

Political parties and political groups

8,50

2

Police

8,20

3

Soccer clubs

8,10

4

Judiciary

7,93

5

Unions

7,90

6

Senate

7,88

7

Piqueteras organizations (roadblockers)

7,70

9

Control agencies of public services

7,63

10

Chamber of Deputies

7,62

8

Customs

7,60

11

National public administration

7,50

12

Provincial public administration

7,40

14

Municipalities

7,33

13

Media groups

7,27

15

Business chambers

7,17

16

Privatized enterprises

6,67

17

Federal Revenue Agency

6,67

18

Provincial revenues agencies

6,43

19

Armed forces

5,50

20

Secretary of intelligence

5,40

21

Private hospitals

5,33

22

Church

4,70

23

Universities

4,50

24

Public hospitals

4,10

The institutions selected by young people as the ones with the highest level of corruption are the political parties with 8,50 points on average. In second place with 8,20 is the Police, followed by Football clubs with 8,10 and finally in fourth place with 7,93 the Judiciary. November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior At this stage, it is to be pointed out and emphasized how high the public perception of corruption in the judiciary system is. It is also to be considered that historically the national and provincial police occupy among the highest positions in perceived corruption (see below). The second distinction to make is the third position that is occupied by football clubs. In recent years, various developments have been registered, relating senior club management with violent organizations, leaving a level of brutality which exceeds any definition of rivalry. The institutions or organizations in perceived as less corrupted are hospitals, with 4,10, followed by universities (4,50) and the church with 4,70.

3. Corruption's causes This time, the people were asked about the causes of corruption in this country, considering a scale of 1-‐10, with 1 being the least and 10 being the most important. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cause An inefficient judicial system Lack of ethical values Lack of transparency in policy decisions Very low Sanctions Unscrupulous economic groups The extreme individualism that makes nobody worry about the rest Inadequate administrative procedures A very large and influential state Lack of freedom in the media Low salaries of officials

Average 8,3 8,1 7,8 7,6 7,3 6,7 5,8 5,1 3,6 2,6

The cause that obtained the highest average score was "an inefficient judicial system" with 8,3 followed by "lack of ethical values" and "lack of transparency in political decisions" with 8,1 and 7,8 points, respectively. It is commonplace in Argentine society to find an inefficiency produced by the judicial system. Excessively long trial periods as well as an inappropriate system of sanctions have resulted in the highest level of corruption perceived by the young people interviewed. Some even expressively stressed their discontent regarding this issue. An important consideration to keep in mind is the cause of the Low salaries to officials, with 2,6 points occupies the final position. Respondents believe that the salaries of officials are overvalued at the level of efficiency of their work. November 2014

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4. Comparison of levels of corruption in selected countries

For this question, the young people were asked about the corruption level perceived in countries around the world, giving a score of 0-‐10 where 0 is low and 10 is high corruption. These are the results. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Country

Average 7,9 7,0 6,9 6,7 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,2 5,0 3,4

Mexico Paraguay Brazil Spain USA Bolivia Italy Chile Uruguay China

Mexico ranks first with 7,9 points on average, followed by Paraguay with 7,0 and third is Brazil and with 6.9 points. One might arrive to the conclusion that the incident of the disappearance of the 43 students in Mexico, together with the relationship between politics and drug trafficking, pushed the perception of our respondents to locate the Mexico first. Regarding Paraguay, although it hasn’t recorded strong scandals linked to corruption currently, its second place in this ranking reflects a historical public image linked to this country. In the case of Brazil, the strong questions regarding the scandals of Petrobras and other reports about in the pre-‐election stage might explain third rank of Argentina’s neighbor.

5. Insecurity’s perception Some say that young people are the ones that suffer most from insecurity in the streets. Given this statement they have consulted youth on the feeling of insecurity perceived by theft or robbery in the street on a scale of 0-‐10 , where 0 is very safe and 10 totally insecure . 0

1

2

0,3%

0.9%

1,6%

Weighted average: 7,9

3

4

5

6

1,3% 2,5% 4,1%

10%

7

8

9

13,8% 20,7% 17,6%

10

NR

27%

0,3%

The 27% of respondents say they feel totally insecure in regards to assaults or robberies in public. In total 79,1 % of youth surveyed confirm a high level of security parameters between 7 on 10 and 10 out of 10 points. Inevitably observe the relationship that carries the perceived level of corruption in relation to the level of insecurity, as an important part of our daily life. November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior Indicates the overall weighted average score was 7,9 with regard to the perceived insecurity. Clearly, it is a high figure.

6. Quality of the education system of secondary level

According to the statement we consult young people if they were agree or not on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 totally agree: "In Argentina, the secondary education system is very good quality". 0

1

2

3

14,7%

7,2%

11,9%

17,9%


4

5

15,4% 11,9%

6

7

8

9

10

NR

8,8%

7,2%

2,8%

0,6%

0,9%

0,3%

Considering the answers obtained from this survey, 17,9 % of them believes that the education system at the secondary level has low quality. Those who rated the system with a 4 (15,4%) ranked in second place. The overall weighted average gives a score of 3.5, a considerably low result for such an important variable in a countries development and future. The education was postponed.

7. Lack of appreciation for work as a means of subsistence and improvement of socioeconomic status Some say that young people have lost the culture of work, most of them do not realize that you have to go to work five days a week. Faced with this statement retrieve them young if you agree or disagree with it, on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 is strongly agree .

0

1

5,6%

0,9%

2

3

4

5

5,3% 8,8% 7,2% 16,3%

6

7

8

11%

9,4%

11%

9

10

7,5% 14,1%

NR 2,8%


This time, 16,3 % of youths are moderately agreeing with the statement. The responses have not been uniform, yielding varying results, but the second magnitude in importance is the 14,1 % that said they agree. The main trend is between 5 and 10 and 69,3 % of the people asked would agree. In this sense it is remarkable to see how young people point to work part-‐time or temporary (e.g. during the summer) tending to a loss of work culture. A possible explanation would be that with the technological advancements of recent years, young people expect that employment options like November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior "remote working" or “teleworking” to be made available to them, resulting in a more flexible work routine.

8. Perceptions on public expenditure According to the next sentence, we consulted respondents to agree or disagree in a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 is strongly agree: "In Argentina, many people do not pay taxes because the state does not provide quality services (Education, Justice, Safety, Health, etc.)”.

0

1

2

10%

4,4%

11,9%

3 12%

4

5

6

7

8

9

10,7%

16%

6,6%

9,4%

7,2%

4,7%

10 5%

NR 2,5%


This statement was designed to explain some of the main reasons, why tax incompliance and tax evasion are so common in Argentina. As in the previous answer, we found no uniformity was register in this response. Up to 16% of young people interviewed think of an intermediate form, while the second minority was in a value of 3 to 12%. The weighted average was 4,42, meaning the majority disagrees with the proposed justification for tax evasion. To stylize this response, we note that have an emerging trend to a "fiscal citizenship" more demanding with regard to pay first and then complain about the quality of public services. In Argentina the tax burden at the end of 2013 reached 40 % of GDP, the highest among Latin American countries. However, countries like Sweden have a tax burden of 50% of the GDP on average be higher than Argentina.

9. Career and professional development According to the following sentence, we asked the young people if they agree or not on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 is strongly agree: "In Argentina, young people are poorly trained for work because they have no title or no experience". 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

4,1%

4,7%

6,3%

6,9%

8,5%

16,3%

7

14,1% 16,9%

8

9

10

NR

10%

4,4%

6%

2,2%


The weighted average value of 5,35 indicates to us that young people generally agree with the lack of training for their first jobs. The first magnitude was at 7 points (rather agree, 16,9 %). Up to 57,3 % of respondents "agree" based on the 5, 6, 7 and 8. November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior Many respondents have indicated that the level of technical knowledge required to enter work is very high relative to the level of education received in the secondary, or tertiary universities. The responses to this question clearly show the need to fit more content and skills transmitted in education with the world of work.

10. Quality of the work offered to young people Some say that poor quality jobs are offered to young people, low-‐paid poor conditions of great instability. Faced with this statement retrieve them young people who are so agree on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 is strongly agree.

0 1,9%

1 1,3%

2

3

2,5%

4,7%


4 6,9%

5

6

7

18,5% 11,3% 17,2%

8

9

18,2% 6,9%

10

NR

9,4%

1,6%

The main trend of this response expressed through the weighted average is 6,3, meaning that young people agree with the statement that they are offered low-‐paying jobs with a lot of instability. If linked together with the previous results obtained from with the perception of ill equipped for the job, or the unwillingness to work five days a week, a clearer conclusion can be drawn in regards to youth employment or the lack thereof. Both the unemployment rate and the underemployment have grown in the second quarter of 2014, according to the INDEC. The unemployment rate is 7,5 %, 0,4 higher than the first quarter of this year point. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate is 9,4 %, 1,5 higher than the previous quarter point. This shows a slight deterioration in the labor market by promoting instability and harming remuneration levels as it raises the number of workers available (supply).

11. Quality of public health According to the following statement we consulted young people whether they agree or not on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 means strongly disagree and 10 being totally agree: "In Argentina, the quality of care for young people in public hospitals is very good". 0

1

7,5%

4,7%

2

3

4

5

6

7

7,5% 6,9% 11,9% 16% 20,4% 12,2%

8 5%

9

10

2,5% 1,3%

NR 4,4%

Weighted average: 4, 51

Up to 20,4 % of respondents said that were fairly according to the statement. The answer’s weighted average is 4,51. In this issue, the opinions of young people is quite divided as 38,5 % chose the values of 0-‐ 4 (disagree), and 41,4 % for values of 6 -‐10 (agree). November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior The answer may respond to different administrative reality of respects CABA hospitals in the province of Buenos Aires.

12. Quality of public transportation According to the following statement, we asked the young interviewed whether or not they agree on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is strongly disagree and 10 totally agree: "In Argentina, the quality of the public transport is poor, traveling in crowded and dangerous transport". 0

1

1,3%

1,6%

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0,9% 1,9% 3,1% 6,9% 3,4% 10,3% 17,6% 19,1% 33,5%

NR 0,6%

Weighted average: 8 This is one of the answers that got a strong opinion. Up to 33,5 % of all young people interviewed say to be totally agreed with the proposed statement (poor quality of public transport). In addition, 80,5 % response gave a score of 7 to 10 and 10 of 10 on the phrase slogan. The chronic lack of investment and control by the state in public transport, have allowed each year, the quality of service rendered increasingly diminished. From the railway tragedy from Once (2012) that would cause 51 deaths, the government began with a strong policy of fleet renewal train, but this intervention does not change the negative perception of public opinion.

13. Possibilities to access to a first home mortgage or loan According to the next sentence, we consulted young people whether they agree or not on a scale of 0-‐ 10 where 0 means completely disagree and 10 means strongly agree: “In Argentina, the young can easily access a bank credit to get the first homeownership". 0

1

38,6%

15%

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

11,9% 10,7% 5,3% 5,6% 4,4% 3,8% 1,6% 0,6%

10

NR

0,6%

1,9%


The 38,6% of those who were interviewed didn’t agree with the raised statement and only 0,6% agreed with it. The average score held by all of the people interviewed summed up to 1,97 that shows how difficult it is to get a loan for homeownership. Having said this, we can clearly see that the access to getting your first home property is very limited and is something that affects the youth. November 2014 11


14. Politic's perception According to the statement, we consulted the young interview whether they agree or not, on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 is strongly agree: “In Argentina, an improvement in the citizen’s living conditions is possible through of politics.” 0

1

7,5 % 3,4%

2

3

4

5%

7,8%

6%

5

6

7

10,3% 10,4% 11,6%

8

9

10

NR

16,9%

9,7%

10%

1,3%


Here we note that 16,9 % of young people expressed confidence (scoring 8 out of 10) in which living conditions can be changed through policy, meaning democracy. The second most voted option, with 11,6 % was punctuated with 7 out of 10. And the evidence is even stronger when we look at the overall weighted average was 5.79 out of 10.

15. Respect for the rules According to the statement, we consulted young people whether they agree or not, on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is strongly disagree and 10 is strongly agree: “In Argentina, there is a high level of respect by rules and laws". 0

1

23,8%

14,1%

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20,4% 16,9% 8,2% 8,5% 2,8% 2,2% 0,9% 0,9%


10

NR

0,3%

0,9%

Up to 23,8% of the interviewed are strongly disagree with the statement. The level of compliance with legal standards as well as the rules of social coexistence of citizens is very low. The same note with the weighted average stood at 2,32 out of 10, understanding that the dominant trend indicates that the rules are not respected.

November 2014

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16. Recurrences to illegal practices In relation to the question above, we consulted young people if they are agree following statement on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is completely disagree and 10 is strongly agree: "In Argentina, it is frequently resort to bribes to avoid paying a tax, a fine or simply provide a process". 0

1

0,9%

0,3%

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0,3% 1,3% 1,9% 4,7% 7,8% 11,6% 23,2% 17,2% 29,2%

NR 1,3%


Consistent with the previous point, 29.2 % of those who were interviewed are totally agree with the statement. In addition, 81,2 % of the population has a score between 7 on 10 and 10 of 10. The overall weighted average of responses yields a score of 7,96, a figure that shows a clear trend towards illegal practices. Therefore it is also a high level of widespread corruption perceived in society.

17. Self-‐indulgence level with the tax evasion According to the next sentence, we asked whether they agree or not on a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 is strongly disagree and 10 is strongly agree: "In Argentina, the small taxpayers stop paying taxes is justified, that is a way to balance the inequities of the system which, in itself, is not fair." 0

1

2

17,6%

7,2%

6,9%

3

4

5

6

7

9,1% 9,1% 16,9% 9,4% 7,5%

8

9

10

NR

6%

2,5%

4,1%

3,8%


At this point we see that 17,6 % is strongly disagree with the statement, but also that 16,9 % had no opinion established since they are not totally agree nor disagree. In general, young people don’t have a definite opinion or much information on taxes from taxpayers. A quarter, however, shows that is not justified for people to stop paying taxes. Therefore, the weighted average is 3.89.

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18. Perceptions on State’s role According to one’s opinion of the responders, we consulted about who is responsible for the welfare of citizens. On a scale of 0-‐10 where 0 indicates that the State is solely responsible and 10 in which the citizen is solely responsible for their own welfare. 0

1

2

6,3%

2,5%

5%

3

4

5

6

7

7,5% 9,7% 42,3% 8,8% 3,8%

8

9

10

NR

6%

1,6%

4,4%

0,0%


Up to 42,3 % believe that the responsibility for the welfare of the citizen corresponds in part to the State and in part to their self. This question seeks to establish how “statist" or "individualistic” the youth is. A weighted average of 4,59 shows that are slightly slanted toward a statist position type.

November 2014

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Reliable and unreliable in journalists, politics, business men and communication media In this section we attempt to measure the trust and distrust that young people show about journalists, politicians, businessmen and media. We want to clarify that at this time, the Argentinian’s public opinion, their young people, reflected through their perceptions strong debate takes place in politics and the Argentine media. As an organizing principle of our analysis, we provided an order of various outcomes following values, from highest to lowest, the third column, which is the difference between reliability and unreliability.

19. Reliable and unreliable journalists In this question we asked young people to mention the name of a journalist who perceived as "reliable" and then the name of another who, in their opinion, was "unreliable ". The ordered based on the third column (difference) subtracts the percentage of positive mentions of negative. The results are: Order

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Journalist

Nelson Castro Jorge Lanata Santo Biasatti Reinaldo Sietecase Cristina Pérez Diego Leuco Guillermo Andino Joaquín Morales Solá Antonio Laje Rodolfo Barili Gustavo Sylvestre Luis Majul Marcelo Longobardi María Laura Santillan Alejandro Fantino Mario Pergolini Ernesto Tenembaum Daniel Tognetti Eduardo Van Der Kooy Fabián Doman Marcelo Bonelli Jonathan Viale Eduardo Feinmann Victor Hugo Morales

% mentions as reliable 8,15 13,48 3,76 2,19 1,88 1,57 1,57 1,57 1,25 1,25 0,94 2,51 1,57 0,63 0,31 0,31 0,31 0,31 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,25 1,25 3,76

% mentions as unreliable 1,25 9,71 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,31 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,57 0,94 0,31 0,00 0,00 0,31 0,31 0,31 0,63 2,19 3,76 5,32 18,50

Difference (Trustworthy – unreliable) 6,90 3,77 3,76 2,19 1,88 1,57 1,57 1,26 1,25 1,25 0,94 0,94 0,63 0,32 0,31 0,31 0,00 0,00 -‐0,31 -‐0,63 -‐2,19 -‐2,51 -‐4,07 -‐14,74

(Table order from positive to negative by the column of "difference". Columns may not add up to a total of 100). November 2014

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Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior Journalists evaluated as more reliable by young people, were, first, Nelson Castro, second, Jorge Lanata; in Santo Biasatti third and fourth Reynaldo Sietecase. Furthermore perceived as "unreliable" have been first, Victor Hugo Morales, followed by Eduardo Feinman, Jonathan Viale and Marcelo Bonelli.

20. Reliable and unreliable politics Then we perform an analysis of youth’s perception of the reliable and unreliable politicians. In order to organize the table below, we calculated the difference between the positive (reliable) and negative (unreliable) mentions based on this result, so we have established this ranking. Order

Politics

% mentions as reliable 5,35

% mentions as unreliable 0,31

Difference (Trustworthy – unreliable) 5,03

1

Hermes Binner

2

Martín Lousteau

3,77

0,00

3,77

3

Sergio Massa

6,92

4,40

2,52

4

Fernando Pino Solanas

2,20

0,00

2,20

5

Florencio Randazzo

1,89

0,00

1,89

6

Ricardo Alfonsín

1,57

0,00

1,57

7

Daniel Scioli

1,57

0,31

1,26

8

Maria Eugenia Vidal

0,94

0,00

0,94

9

Julio Cobos

0,63

0,00

0,63

10

Jorge Taiana

0,31

0,00

0,31

11

Martín Sabbatella

0,31

0,00

0,31

12

Martín Insaurralde

0,31

0,31

0,00

13

Julio de Vido

0,00

0,31

-‐0,31

14

José Luis Gioja

0,00

0,31

-‐0,31

15

Francisco De Narvaez

0,31

0,63

-‐0,31

16

Elisa Carrio

3,14

3,77

-‐0,63

17

Jorge Capitanich

0,00

0,94

-‐0,94

18

Carlos Menem

0,31

1,26

-‐0,94

19

Axel Kicillof

0,63

1,89

-‐1,26

20

Mauricio Macri

7,23

9,43

-‐2,20

21

Aníbal Fernandez

0,31

3,14

-‐2,83

22

Amado Boudou

0,00

12,89

-‐12,89

23

Cristina Kirchner

3,46

18,24

-‐14,78

24

Ninguno/todos

7,86

7,86

0,00

25 NS/NC 32,39 32,39 0,00 (Table order from positive to negative by the column of "difference". Columns may not add up to a total of 100).

An analysis of the evidence shows that Hermes Binner (5,03 %), Martín Lousteau (3,77 %) and Sergio Massa (2.52 %) are the three politicians with better reliability’s perception among young people. November 2014

16

Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior Meanwhile, Cristina Kirchner, Amado Boudou and Anibal Fernandez show negative values. Regarding the "do not know / no answer", the percentage climbed to 32,39 % while the "none is reliable or unreliable they are all" reached a figure of 7,86 %. The fact that there are politicians deemed as reliable would be directly related to the proper functioning of the institutions. Up to 7,86 % of the interviewed described the politicians as "none is reliable" or "all are unreliable", is a clear example of a context of mistrust and anger, both with "politics" as "institutions". Anger (7,86 %) larger than that confidence in the best position politician (Binner 5.03%), but still it is encouraging that young people still believe that democratic politics is the appropriate way to change reality in which they live, as we said yes, 68,8 % of respondents. We can say that it is producing an interesting democratic learning still pay some cost in terms of disappointment certain social sectors.

21. Reliable and unreliable businessmen Unlike politicians or journalists who have a more public character, which can be viewed by different media, in the case of businessmen, from the point of view of youth, ignorance prevailed. Up to 67% of respondents said they did not know about reliable or unreliable entrepreneurs. Order

Business men

1

Marcelo Tinelli

2

Mario Pergolini 2

% mentions as reliable

% mentions as unreliable

Difference (Trustworthy – unreliable)

6,29

0,94

5,35

1,26

0,00

1,26

3

Pascual Mastellone

0,94

0,00

0,94

4

Marcelo Mindlin

0,94

0,00

0,94

5

Paolo Rocca

0,63

0,00

0,63

6

Adrián Suar

0,63

0,00

0,63

7

Eduardo Elsztain

0,63

0,00

0,63

8

Gregorio Perez Companc

0,31

0,00

0,31

9

Daniel Grinbank

0,31

0,00

0,31

10

Franco Macri

0,63

0,63

0,00

11

Eduardo Constantini

0,00

0,31

-‐0,31

12

Alejandro Van Der Brule

0,00

0,31

-‐0,31

13

Hugo Moyano

0,00

0,63

-‐0,63

14

Héctor Magnetto

0,00

0,94

-‐0,94

15

Alberto Samid

0,00

1,26

-‐1,26

16

Mauricio Macri

1,57

2,83

-‐1,26

17

Leonardo Fariña

0,00

3,46

-‐3,46

18

Cristóbal López

0,31

5,66

-‐5,35

19

Lazaro Báez

0,00

6,92

-‐6,92

20

NS/NC

67,00

67,00

0,00

(Table order from positive to negative by the column of "difference." Columns may not add up to a total of 100). 2

Deceased the 16/8/2014.

November 2014

17

Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior On the side of the reliable entrepreneurs, the first figure displayed is Marcelo Tinelli, followed in second by Mario Pergollini. It's interesting how the public perception identifies more as entrepreneurs and journalists. In third place, Pascual Mastellone appears whose death was widely covered by the media. Fourth, Marcelo Mindlin (Edenor) appears. On the side of the unreliable entrepreneurs listed first Lazaro Baez, followed by Cristóbal López and Leonardo Fariña.

22. Reliable and unreliable media Regarding the reliability of the information that the media use, young people responded to us that: Order

Media

% reliable

% unreliable

1

Telefe

24

0

Difference (Trustworthy – unreliable) 24

2

La Nación

7

3

4

3

Página 12

6

3

3

4

América TV

5

2

3

5

Infobae

2

0

2

6

Canal 9

2

0

2

7

Telam

1

0

1

8

C5N

5

5

0

9

Grupo Clarín

34

52

-‐18

10

TV Pública

7

32

-‐25

11 NS/NC 32 32 0 (Table order from positive to negative by the column of "difference". Columns may not add up to a total of 100).

In relation to net reliability of the media, we find that the media that reached the highest value first is Telefé, followed by La Nación and Página 12 newspaper in third. If we now analyze the media with negative values of reliability, in first place appears TV Pública, followed by Grupo Clarin. On the other hand, it is striking that in a time when there was a major confrontation between the media and government, that 32 % of young people could not give an opinion regarding a trustworthy environment.

November 2014

18


General conclusions Most young people do not participate actively in politics. However, they are informed and involved in a situation which is seen as negative. When analyzing what for them are the most corrupt institutions, first "political parties" appear, followed by "Police" (2nd place), "Soccer clubs" (3rd place) and "Judiciary" (in 4th place). It is worrying that the institution whose function is debug social behaviors, such as the judiciary, appears in fourth place. This is a deep call of attention to integrated justice. Furthermore, when we asked about the causes of corruption which clearly emerges first is "an inefficient judiciary". Youth perceived corruption and inefficiency in justice. We believe that this issue will eventually enter the political agenda of the forthcoming elections. A factor related to this issue is the feeling of "lack of compliance "that mainly showed our interviewees. The level of corruption that young people perceived in society (8,36/10) coincides with international measurements at Transparency International. Curiously the percentage level of corruption match the perceived insecurity’s level in public, which leads us to believe that the perceived level of corruption in various institutions clearly affects the sense of insecurity. This perception of corruption brings with young people show a rather critical view on the performance of citizens in their responsibilities. For example, in relation to compliance with laws and regulations, 23,8 % perceives that they are not respected. Up to 81,2 % perceive that Argentina is frequently resorted to illegal practices such as bribery, to take advantage of certain situations. In a more comprehensive study would have to wonder if they consider that the causes lie in a matter of necessity or merely culturally. In turn, most young people agreed that responsibility for the welfare of citizen’s lies not only in the state, but each one is also responsible for their own welfare. A favorable factor to consider is that young people still believe in democracy and democratic politics as the best tool to change the reality of everyday life. Regarding the quality of the education system at the secondary level, about 51 % is not totally agree that is of good quality, and that is very bad. However, what is striking is that none of the respondents have thought that the education system in the secondary is completely well, this is very important for the formation of future citizen’s topic. This allows mentioning that the quality of services offered by the state is perceived as very bad and the respect for the rules is generally very low, so you can feel the existence of widespread disagreement as to the actions of the state. We believe it would appear a great need for a debate on the quality of services provided by the state, given the bad values observed in terms of justice, education, security, transportation, etc. We don’t see in the survey a request of shrinking of the state, instead we see a request a more attached to the daily reality of our citizens handling. When we try to see how "individualistic or statist" were our interviewed, we find that they are "slightly statist", meaning that it is difficult to claim a reduction of the state, however demanding better management of public affairs. When we commented about the difficulty of access to home ownership, over 60 % of young people mentioned that bank loans are inaccessible or impossible, for people like them who are just beginning their careers and have no contacts in the area mentioned. It is undeniable that the conflict with the media, which has characterized the government's FPV since 2008 until today, has had a noticeable impact on public opinion. We are at a time in which the trust of government has fallen and yet not growing public confidence in the media most opposed to it. We November 2014 19

Perception of young Argentines on corruption and citizen behavior believe that here you can see a "learning" public awareness that the media are not all claiming to be independent. In the political sphere the views of young people are more pronounced. Near 7.82% of young people said "no" politician is reliable. Of the 10 most reliable politicians for young people, only three belong to the ruling (Randazzo, Scioli, Taiana). Of the five most "unreliable" only one belongs to the opposition (Mauricio Macri). As mentioned above, when collecting information about the perception of trust in business, it is unable to obtain conclusive data. For unknown reasons, 67% of the interviewed could not give us opinions. Only coincidences are observed in terms of reliable entrepreneurs, where the names of Marcelo Tinelli and Mario Pergollini are repeated, and among unreliable; Cristobal López, Lazaro Baez and Leonardo Fariña. Finally, we asked about the reliability of the media. The average highest percentage of mentions as "unreliable media" was TV Pública -‐25%, followed by Grupo Clarín -‐18 %. To this we can add that Telefé (24 %), La Nación (4%) and Página 12 (3%) listed as "reliable". We observe here that the great conflict between the government and El Grupo Clarín has had an adverse effect on the image of both. In this survey, we have shown that the perception of corruption has an impact on the insecurity and other variables, such as certain "anger" with the Police would be demonstrated first with the negative value reached by the judiciary and the quality of public services. But the high figures of distrust towards the media would show us that people do not get angry only with politics but also with other social factors (media, journalists, businessmen, etc.).

November 2014

20